School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA

Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA