Articles | Volume 26, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6993-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6993-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 May 2026
Research article |
| 22 May 2026
| 22 May 2026
Global Observations and European emissions of the halogenated olefins HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), and HCFO-1233zd(E) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Joseph R. Pitt
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Dickon Young
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Stephan Henne
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Blagoj Mitrevski
CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
Jens Mühle
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Anita Ganesan
School of Geographical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Jgor Arduini
Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
Alistair J. Manning
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Thomas Wagenhäuser
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Alison L. Redington
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Daniela B. Melo
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Brendan Murphy
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Ray Gluckmann
Gluckman Consulting, Cobham, Surrey, UK
Kieran M. Stanley
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul B. Krummel
CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
Chris R. Lunder
NILU, Kjeller, Norway
Jaegeun Yun
School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
Dominique Rust
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Angelina Wenger
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Myriam Guillevic
Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Bern, Switzerland
Jooil Kim
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Ray H. J. Wang
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Tae Siek Rhee
Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon, South Korea
Lionel Constantin
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Arnoud Frumau
Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Petten, the Netherlands
Christina M. Harth
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Peter K. Salameh
GC Soft Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA
Ove Hermansen
NILU, Kjeller, Norway
Matthew Rigby
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Luke M. Western
Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Andreas Engel
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Simon O'Doherty
Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Sunyoung Park
School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
Michela Maione
Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
Paul J. Fraser
CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
Ronald G. Prinn
Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Ray F. Weiss
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Stefan Reimann
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Data sets
Global Observations and European emissions of the halogenated olefins HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), and HCFO-1233zd(E) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network Martin K. Vollmer et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20020038
Model code and software
RHIME: Regional Hierarchical Inversion Modelling Environment, version 0.3 Brendan Murphy et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15274870
Short summary
Halogenated olefins (HFOs) are newly emerging compounds in the atmosphere. They are in reach of the definition of PFAS (Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) and some decay to the eternal chemical trifluoroacetate (TFA). We provide atmospheric measurements of three HFOs from the large Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network and estimate emissions for Northwest Europe for the first time. We find a quasi-ubiquitous presence in the atmosphere and rapidly increasing emissions.
Halogenated olefins (HFOs) are newly emerging compounds in the atmosphere. They are in reach of...
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