Christensen, M. W., Neubauer, D., Poulsen, C. A., Thomas, G. E., McGarragh, G. R., Povey, A. C., Proud, S. R., and Grainger, R. G.: Unveiling aerosol–cloud interactions – Part 1: Cloud contamination in satellite products enhances the aerosol indirect forcing estimate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13151–13164,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13151-2017, 2017.
a
Diamond, M. S., Director, H. M., Eastman, R., Possner, A., and Wood, R.: Substantial Cloud Brightening From Shipping in Subtropical Low Clouds, AGU Advances, 1, e2019AV000111,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000111, 2020.
a
Dürr, B. and Philipona, R.: Automatic Cloud Amount Detection by Surface Longwave Downward Radiation Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004182, 2004.
a
Emde, C., Buras-Schnell, R., Kylling, A., Mayer, B., Gasteiger, J., Hamann, U., Kylling, J., Richter, B., Pause, C., Dowling, T., and Bugliaro, L.: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations (version 2.0.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1647–1672,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1647-2016, 2016.
a
Forster, P., Storelvmo, T., Armour, K., Collins, W., Dufresne, J. L., Frame, D., Lunt, D. J., Mauritsen, T., Palmer, M. D., Watanabe, M., Wild, M., and Zhang, H.: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity, Tech. rep., Cambridge University Press,
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.009, 2021.
a,
b,
c
Gasteiger, J., Emde, C., Mayer, B., Buras, R., Buehler, S. A., and Lemke, O.: Representative Wavelengths Absorption Parameterization Applied to Satellite Channels and Spectral Bands, J. Quant. Spectrosc. R., 148, 99–115,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.06.024, 2014.
a
Gaustad, K. L., Turner, D. D., and McFarlane, S. A.: MWRRET Value-Added Product: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Data Sets, Tech. Rep. DOE/SC-ARM/TR-081.2, U.S. Department of Energy, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility,
https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/doe-sc-arm-tr-081.2.pdf (last access: 24 August 2026), 2011. a
Giles, D. M., Sinyuk, A., Sorokin, M. G., Schafer, J. S., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Lewis, J. R., Campbell, J. R., Welton, E. J., Korkin, S. V., and Lyapustin, A. I.: Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 database – automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 169–209,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-169-2019, 2019.
a
Gryspeerdt, E., Povey, A. C., Grainger, R. G., Hasekamp, O., Hsu, N. C., Mulcahy, J. P., Sayer, A. M., and Sorooshian, A.: Uncertainty in aerosol–cloud radiative forcing is driven by clean conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4115–4122,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4115-2023, 2023.
a,
b,
c
Hamilton, D. S., Lee, L. A., Pringle, K. J., Reddington, C. L., Spracklen, D. V., and Carslaw, K. S.: Occurrence of Pristine Aerosol Environments on a Polluted Planet, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 18466–18471,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415440111, 2014.
a
Harrison, L. and Michalsky, J.: Objective Algorithms for the Retrieval of Optical Depths from Ground-Based Measurements, Appl. Optics, 33, 5126–5132,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.005126, 1994.
a
Hasekamp, O. P., Gryspeerdt, E., and Quaas, J.: Analysis of Polarimetric Satellite Measurements Suggests Stronger Cooling Due to Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Nat. Commun., 10, 5405,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13372-2, 2019.
a
Haywood, J. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the Direct and Indirect Radiative Forcing Due to Tropospheric Aerosols: A Review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513–543,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000078, 2000.
a
Heyn, I., Block, K., Mülmenstädt, J., Gryspeerdt, E., Kühne, P., Salzmann, M., and Quaas, J.: Assessment of Simulated Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcings in the Terrestrial Spectrum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1001–1007,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071975, 2017.
a
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, 1535 pp.,
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf (last access: 24 August 2026), 2013.
a,
b,
c
Keeling, R. F., Morgan, E. J., and Keeling, C. D.: Atmospheric Monthly In Situ CO2 Data – Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (Archive 2024-11-13), In Scripps CO2 Program Data, UC San Diego Library Digital Collections,
https://doi.org/10.6075/J08W3BHW, 2017.
a
Keil, A. and Haywood, J. M.: Solar Radiative Forcing by Biomass Burning Aerosol Particles during SAFARI 2000: A Case Study Based on Measured Aerosol and Cloud Properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002315, 2003.
a
King, W. D., Parkin, D. A., and Handsworth, R. J.: A Hot-Wire Liquid Water Device Having Fully Calculable Response Characteristics, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 17, 1809–1813,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017<1809:AHWLWD>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
a
Kollias, P., Miller, M. A., Luke, E. P., Johnson, K. L., Clothiaux, E. E., Moran, K. P., Widener, K. B., and Albrecht, B. A.: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud Profiling Radars: Second-Generation Sampling Strategies, Processing, and Cloud Data Products, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 24, 1199–1214,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH2033.1, 2007.
a
Lebsock, M. D., Stephens, G. L., and Kummerow, C.: Multisensor Satellite Observations of Aerosol Effects on Warm Clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009876, 2008.
a
Lee, L. A., Reddington, C. L., and Carslaw, K. S.: On the Relationship between Aerosol Model Uncertainty and Radiative Forcing Uncertainty, P. Natl. Acad. Sci; USA, 113, 5820–5827,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507050113, 2016.
a
Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., Yarosh, E. S., and Zweng, M. M.: World Ocean Heat Content and Thermosteric Sea Level Change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106, 2012.
a
Long, C. N., Ackerman, T. P., Gaustad, K. L., and Cole, J. N. S.: Estimation of Fractional Sky Cover from Broadband Shortwave Radiometer Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006475, 2006.
a
Mace, G. G., Benson, S., and Kato, S.: Cloud Radiative Forcing at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility: 2. Vertical Redistribution of Radiant Energy by Clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005922, 2006.
a
Machado, L. A. T., Calheiros, A. J. P., Biscaro, T., Giangrande, S., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Cecchini, M. A., Albrecht, R., Andreae, M. O., Araujo, W. F., Artaxo, P., Borrmann, S., Braga, R., Burleyson, C., Eichholz, C. W., Fan, J., Feng, Z., Fisch, G. F., Jensen, M. P., Martin, S. T., Pöschl, U., Pöhlker, C., Pöhlker, M. L., Ribaud, J.-F., Rosenfeld, D., Saraiva, J. M. B., Schumacher, C., Thalman, R., Walter, D., and Wendisch, M.: Overview: Precipitation characteristics and sensitivities to environmental conditions during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6461–6482,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6461-2018, 2018.
a
Marsing, A., Meerkötter, R., Heller, R., Kaufmann, S., Jurkat-Witschas, T., Krämer, M., Rolf, C., and Voigt, C.: Investigating the radiative effect of Arctic cirrus measured in situ during the winter 2015–2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 587–609,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-587-2023, 2023.
a
Martin, S. T., Artaxo, P., Machado, L. A. T., Manzi, A. O., Souza, R. A. F., Schumacher, C., Wang, J., Andreae, M. O., Barbosa, H. M. J., Fan, J., Fisch, G., Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A., Jimenez, J. L., Pöschl, U., Silva Dias, M. A., Smith, J. N., and Wendisch, M.: Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4785–4797,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016, 2016.
a,
b
Martins, J. V., Marshak, A., Remer, L. A., Rosenfeld, D., Kaufman, Y. J., Fernandez-Borda, R., Koren, I., Correia, A. L., Zubko, V., and Artaxo, P.: Remote sensing the vertical profile of cloud droplet effective radius, thermodynamic phase, and temperature, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9485–9501,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9485-2011, 2011.
a
Michalsky, J. J., Schlemmer, J. A., Berkheiser, W. E., Berndt, J. L., Harrison, L. C., Laulainen, N. S., Larson, N. R., and Barnard, J. C.: Multiyear Measurements of Aerosol Optical Depth in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement and Quantitative Links Programs, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 12099–12107,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900096, 2001.
a
Morrison, H., Curry, J. A., and Khvorostyanov, V. I.: A New Double-Moment Microphysics Parameterization for Application in Cloud and Climate Models. Part I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665–1677,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3446.1, 2005.
a
Mülmenstädt, J. and Feingold, G.: The Radiative Forcing of Aerosol–Cloud Interactions in Liquid Clouds: Wrestling and Embracing Uncertainty, Current Climate Change Reports, 4, 23–40,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0089-y, 2018.
a
Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.
a
Pöschl, U., Martin, S. T., Sinha, B., Chen, Q., Gunthe, S. S., Huffman, J. A., Borrmann, S., Farmer, D. K., Garland, R. M., Helas, G., Jimenez, J. L., King, S. M., Manzi, A., Mikhailov, E., Pauliquevis, T., Petters, M. D., Prenni, A. J., Roldin, P., Rose, D., Schneider, J., Su, H., Zorn, S. R., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Rainforest Aerosols as Biogenic Nuclei of Clouds and Precipitation in the Amazon, Science, 329, 1513–1516,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1191056, 2010.
a
Quaas, J., Ming, Y., Menon, S., Takemura, T., Wang, M., Penner, J. E., Gettelman, A., Lohmann, U., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Sayer, A. M., Thomas, G. E., McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J. E., Liu, X., Balkanski, Y., Donner, L. J., Ginoux, P. A., Stier, P., Grandey, B., Feichter, J., Sednev, I., Bauer, S. E., Koch, D., Grainger, R. G., Kirkevåg, A., Iversen, T., Seland, Ø., Easter, R., Ghan, S. J., Rasch, P. J., Morrison, H., Lamarque, J.-F., Iacono, M. J., Kinne, S., and Schulz, M.: Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8697–8717,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009, 2009.
a
Reid, J. S., Hobbs, P. V., Rangno, A. L., and Hegg, D. A.: Relationships between Cloud Droplet Effective Radius, Liquid Water Content, and Droplet Concentration for Warm Clouds in Brazil Embedded in Biomass Smoke, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 6145–6153,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200119, 1999.
a,
b,
c
Riihimaki, L., Gaustad, K., and Long, C.: Radiative Flux Analysis (RADFLUXANAL) Value-Added Product: Retrieval of Clear-Sky Broadband Radiative Fluxes and Other Derived Values, Tech. Rep. DOE/SC-ARM-TR–228, 1569477, DOE-ARM,
https://doi.org/10.2172/1569477, 2019.
a
Santer, B. D., Painter, J. F., Bonfils, C., Mears, C. A., Solomon, S., Wigley, T. M. L., Gleckler, P. J., Schmidt, G. A., Doutriaux, C., Gillett, N. P., Taylor, K. E., Thorne, P. W., and Wentz, F. J.: Human and Natural Influences on the Changing Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 17235–17240,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305332110, 2013.
a
Schmid, B., Tomlinson, J. M., Hubbe, J. M., Comstock, J. M., Mei, F., Chand, D., Pekour, M. S., Kluzek, C. D., Andrews, E., Biraud, S. C., and McFarquhar, G. M.: The DOE ARM Aerial Facility, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 723–742,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00040.1, 2014.
a
Solomon, S., Rosenlof, K. H., Portmann, R. W., Daniel, J. S., Davis, S. M., Sanford, T. J., and Plattner, G.-K.: Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming, Science, 327, 1219–1223,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182488, 2010.
a
Stamnes, K., Tsay, S.-C., Wiscombe, W., and Jayaweera, K.: Numerically Stable Algorithm for Discrete-Ordinate-Method Radiative Transfer in Multiple Scattering and Emitting Layered Media, Appl. Optics, 27, 2502–2509,
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.27.002502, 1988.
a
Toll, V., Christensen, M., Quaas, J., and Bellouin, N.: Weak Average Liquid-Cloud-Water Response to Anthropogenic Aerosols, Nature, 572, 51–55,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1423-9, 2019.
a
Turner, D. D., Clough, S. A., Liljegren, J. C., Clothiaux, E. E., Cady-Pereira, K. E., and Gaustad, K. L.: Retrieving Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor From the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Microwave Radiometers, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 45, 3680–3690,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.903703, 2007.
a,
b
Uin, J.: Nephelometer Instrument Handbook, Tech. Rep. DOE/SC-ARM-TR-165, U.S. Department of Energy, Atmospheric Measurement user facility, Richland, Washington,
https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/nephelometer_handbook.pdf (last access: 24 August 2026), 2024. a
Uin, J. and Enekwizu, O.: Cloud Condensation Nuclei Particle Counter Instrument Handbook, Tech. Rep. DOE/SCARM-TR-168, U.S. Department of Energy, Atmospheric Measurement user facility, Richland, Washington,
https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/ccn_handbook.pdf (last access: 24 August 2026), 2024. a
Uin, J., Aiken, A. C., Dubey, M. K., Kuang, C., Pekour, M., Salwen, C., Sedlacek, A. J., Senum, G., Smith, S., Wang, J., Watson, T. B., and Springston, S. R.: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerosol Observing Systems (AOS) for Surface-Based In Situ Atmospheric Aerosol and Trace Gas Measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 36, 2429–2447,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0077.1, 2019.
a
Wall, C. J., Storelvmo, T., and Possner, A.: Global observations of aerosol indirect effects from marine liquid clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13125–13141,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13125-2023, 2023.
a
Wang, M., Su, J., Xu, Y., Han, X., Peng, N., and Ge, J.: Radiative Contributions of Different Cloud Types to Regional Energy Budget over the SACOL Site, Clim. Dynam., 61, 1697–1715,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06651-0, 2023.
a,
b
Wang, Y., Li, J., Fang, F., Zhang, P., He, J., Pöhlker, M. L., Henning, S., Tang, C., Jia, H., Wang, Y., Jian, B., Shi, J., and Huang, J.: In-Situ Observations Reveal Weak Hygroscopicity in the Southern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Aerosol Activation and Indirect Effects, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 7, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00629-x, 2024.
a
Watson, T. B.: Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) Instrument Handbook, Tech. Rep. DOE/SC-ARM–TR-196, 1375336, DOE-ARM,
https://doi.org/10.2172/1375336, 2017.
a
Wei, X., Chang, N.-B., Bai, K., and Gao, W.: Satellite Remote Sensing of Aerosol Optical Depth: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives, Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tech., 50, 1640–1725,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1665944, 2020.
a
Wendisch, M., Pöschl, U., Andreae, M. O., Machado, L. A. T., Albrecht, R., Schlager, H., Rosenfeld, D., Martin, S. T., Abdelmonem, A., Afchine, A., Araùjo, A. C., Artaxo, P., Aufmhoff, H., Barbosa, H. M. J., Borrmann, S., Braga, R., Buchholz, B., Cecchini, M. A., Costa, A., Curtius, J., Dollner, M., Dorf, M., Dreiling, V., Ebert, V., Ehrlich, A., Ewald, F., Fisch, G., Fix, A., Frank, F., Fütterer, D., Heckl, C., Heidelberg, F., Hüneke, T., Jäkel, E., Järvinen, E., Jurkat, T., Kanter, S., Kästner, U., Kenntner, M., Kesselmeier, J., Klimach, T., Knecht, M., Kohl, R., Kölling, T., Krämer, M., Krüger, M., Krisna, T. C., Lavric, J. V., Longo, K., Mahnke, C., Manzi, A. O., Mayer, B., Mertes, S., Minikin, A., Molleker, S., Münch, S., Nillius, B., Pfeilsticker, K., Pöhlker, C., Roiger, A., Rose, D., Rosenow, D., Sauer, D., Schnaiter, M., Schneider, J., Schulz, C., de Souza, R. A. F., Spanu, A., Stock, P., Vila, D., Voigt, C., Walser, A., Walter, D., Weigel, R., Weinzierl, B., Werner, F., Yamasoe, M. A., Ziereis, H., Zinner, T., and Zöger, M.: ACRIDICON–CHUVA Campaign: Studying Tropical Deep Convective Clouds and Precipitation over Amazonia Using the New German Research Aircraft HALO, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 1885–1908,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00255.1, 2016.
a,
b,
c,
d
