Radar data shows graupel and increased turbulence near small-scale intermittent lightning discharges at the top of intense thunderstorms

van Loon, Reinaart; Assink, Jelle D.; Scholten, Olaf; Hare, Brian M.; Leijnse, Hidde; van Delden, Aarnout J.

doi:10.5194/acp-26-11645-2026

Articles | Volume 26, issue 16

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11645-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11645-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 26, issue 16

Research article

|

19 Aug 2026

Research article |

| 19 Aug 2026

Radar data shows graupel and increased turbulence near small-scale intermittent lightning discharges at the top of intense thunderstorms

Reinaart van Loon, Jelle D. Assink, Olaf Scholten, Brian M. Hare, Hidde Leijnse, and Aarnout J. van Delden

Related authors

The Dutch real-time gauge-adjusted radar precipitation product

Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, Mats Veldhuizen, and Bastiaan Anker

Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4715–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4715-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4715-2025, 2025

Short summary

Mid-Pliocene not analogous to high-CO₂ climate when considering Northern Hemisphere winter variability

Arthur Merlijn Oldeman, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Aarnout J. van Delden, and Henk A. Dijkstra

Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 395–417, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-395-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-395-2024, 2024

Short summary

Merging with crowdsourced rain gauge data improves pan-European radar precipitation estimates

Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, Gerard van der Schrier, Else van den Besselaar, Irene Garcia-Marti, and Lotte Wilhelmina de Vos

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 649–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024, 2024

Short summary

Assessing sampling and retrieval errors of GPROF precipitation estimates over the Netherlands

Linda Bogerd, Hidde Leijnse, Aart Overeem, and Remko Uijlenhoet

Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 247–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-247-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-247-2024, 2024

Short summary

On the quasi-steady vorticity balance in the mature stage of hurricane Irma (2017)

Jasper de Jong, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, and Aarnout J. van Delden

EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1259,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1259, 2023

Preprint archived

Short summary

Cited articles

Al-Sakka, H., Boumahmoud, A.-A., Fradon, B., Frasier, S. J., and Tabary, P.: A new fuzzy logic hydrometeor classification scheme applied to the French X-, C-, and S-band polarimetric radars, J. Appli. Meteorol. Climat., 52, 2328–2344, 2013. a

Brothers, M. D., Bruning, E. C., and Mansell, E. R.: Investigating the relative contributions of charge deposition and turbulence in organizing charge within a thunderstorm, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 3265–3284, 2018. a, b, c

Bruning, E. C., Rust, W. D., MacGorman, D. R., Biggerstaff, M. I., and Schuur, T. J.: Formation of charge structures in a supercell, Mon. Weather Ev., 138, 3740–3761, 2010. a, b, c

Calhoun, K. M., MacGorman, D. R., Ziegler, C. L., and Biggerstaff, M. I.: Evolution of lightning activity and storm charge relative to dual-Doppler analysis of a high-precipitation supercell storm, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2199–2223, 2013. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Calhoun, K. M., Mansell, E. R., MacGorman, D. R., and Dowell, D. C.: Numerical simulations of lightning and storm charge of the 29–30 May 2004 Geary, Oklahoma, supercell thunderstorm using EnKF mobile radar data assimilation, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 3977–3997, 2014. a, b