Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
ACP
Articles | Volume 25, issue 5
Articles | Volume 25, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3269-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3269-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 25, issue 5
Research article
 | 
17 Mar 2025
Research article |  | 17 Mar 2025

Too cold, too saturated? Evaluating climate models at the gateway to the Arctic

Felix Pithan, Ann Kristin Naumann, and Marion Maturilli

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Latest update: 02 May 2026
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Short summary
Representing the exchange of air masses between the Arctic and mid-latitudes and the associated cloud formation is difficult for climate models. We compare climate model output to temperature and humidity measurements from weather balloons to provide suggestions for model improvements. Cold biases mostly occur in air that is exported from the Arctic. Models that compute the number of ice particles in a cloud better represent humidity than models that assume a fixed number of ice particles.
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