Articles | Volume 24, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10741-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10741-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Sep 2024
Research article |
| 25 Sep 2024
| 25 Sep 2024
Unraveling the discrepancies between Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture tracking models in monsoon- and westerly-dominated basins of the Tibetan Plateau
College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Yichang, China
Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
Chenghao Wang
School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
Qiuhong Tang
Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Shibo Yao
China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, National Climate Centre, Beijing, China
Bo Sun
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Hui Peng
College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
Shangbin Xiao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Yichang, China
Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
Related authors
Ying Li, Chenghao Wang, Ru Huang, Denghua Yan, Hui Peng, and Shangbin Xiao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6413–6426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spatial quantification of oceanic moisture contribution to the precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) contributes to the reliable assessments of regional water resources and the interpretation of paleo archives in the region. Based on atmospheric reanalysis datasets and numerical moisture tracking, this work reveals the previously underestimated oceanic moisture contributions brought by the westerlies in winter and the overestimated moisture contributions from the Indian Ocean in summer.
Ying Li, Chenghao Wang, Hui Peng, Shangbin Xiao, and Denghua Yan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4759–4772, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation change in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) plays a critical role in the operation and regulation of the Three Gorges Dam and the protection of residents and properties. We investigated the long-term contribution of moisture sources to precipitation changes in this region with an atmospheric moisture tracking model. We found that southwestern source regions (especially the southeastern tip of the Tibetan Plateau) are the key regions that control TGRR precipitation changes.
Yuqi Huang, Chenghao Wang, Tyler Danzig, Temple R. Lee, and Sandip Pal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3397, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model in a small, semi-arid U.S. city using dense ground-based measurements. While the forecasts showed good skill for temperature and humidity, they consistently overestimated wind and underestimates nighttime cooling, with inaccurate heat advection predictions. The results highlight the need for improved urban representation in forecast models to better support heat warning systems for small cities.
Yongyong Zhang, Yongqiang Zhang, Xiaoyan Zhai, Jun Xia, Qiuhong Tang, Wei Wang, Jian Wu, Xiaoyu Niu, and Bing Han
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3257–3275, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3257-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3257-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is challenging to investigate flood variabilities and their formation mechanisms from massive event samples. This study explores spatiotemporal variabilities of 1446 flood events using hierarchical and partitional clustering methods. Control mechanisms of meteorological and physio-geographical factors are explored for individual flood event classes using constrained rank analysis. This gives insights into comprehensive changes in flood events and aids in flood prediction and control.
Lei Huang, Yong Luo, Jing M. Chen, Qiuhong Tang, Tammo Steenhuis, Wei Cheng, and Wen Shi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3993–4019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3993-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3993-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Timely global terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) data are crucial for water resource management and drought forecasting. This study introduces the VISEA algorithm, which integrates satellite data and shortwave radiation to provide daily 0.05° gridded near-real-time ET estimates. By employing a vegetation index–temperature method, this algorithm can estimate ET without requiring additional data. Evaluation results demonstrate VISEA's comparable accuracy with accelerated data availability.
Haiwei Li, Yongling Zhao, Chenghao Wang, Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Jan Carmeliet, and Ronita Bardhan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-234, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the cooling efficacy of urban trees in different climate zones through a robust meta-analysis, we determine that the cooling efficacy of trees is significantly influenced by the interplay of urban morphology, tree traits, and climate zones. We complement the study by an interactive map, offering a visual and quantitative examination and comparison of the cooling effects of urban trees in different climate zones.
Heidi Kreibich, Kai Schröter, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Anne F. Van Loon, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Svetlana Agafonova, Amir AghaKouchak, Hafzullah Aksoy, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Blanca Aznar, Laila Balkhi, Marlies H. Barendrecht, Sylvain Biancamaria, Liduin Bos-Burgering, Chris Bradley, Yus Budiyono, Wouter Buytaert, Lucinda Capewell, Hayley Carlson, Yonca Cavus, Anaïs Couasnon, Gemma Coxon, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Marleen C. de Ruiter, Claire Delus, Mathilde Erfurt, Giuseppe Esposito, Didier François, Frédéric Frappart, Jim Freer, Natalia Frolova, Animesh K. Gain, Manolis Grillakis, Jordi Oriol Grima, Diego A. Guzmán, Laurie S. Huning, Monica Ionita, Maxim Kharlamov, Dao Nguyen Khoi, Natalie Kieboom, Maria Kireeva, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Hong-Yi Li, Maria Carmen LLasat, David Macdonald, Johanna Mård, Hannah Mathew-Richards, Andrew McKenzie, Alfonso Mejia, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Marjolein Mens, Shifteh Mobini, Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Viorica Nagavciuc, Thanh Ngo-Duc, Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen, Pham Thi Thao Nhi, Olga Petrucci, Nguyen Hong Quan, Pere Quintana-Seguí, Saman Razavi, Elena Ridolfi, Jannik Riegel, Md Shibly Sadik, Nivedita Sairam, Elisa Savelli, Alexey Sazonov, Sanjib Sharma, Johanna Sörensen, Felipe Augusto Arguello Souza, Kerstin Stahl, Max Steinhausen, Michael Stoelzle, Wiwiana Szalińska, Qiuhong Tang, Fuqiang Tian, Tamara Tokarczyk, Carolina Tovar, Thi Van Thu Tran, Marjolein H. J. van Huijgevoort, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Thorsten Wagener, Yueling Wang, Doris E. Wendt, Elliot Wickham, Long Yang, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, and Philip J. Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2009–2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management. We present a dataset containing data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The dataset enables comparative analyses and allows detailed context-specific assessments. Additionally, it supports the testing of socio-hydrological models.
Ying Li, Chenghao Wang, Ru Huang, Denghua Yan, Hui Peng, and Shangbin Xiao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6413–6426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spatial quantification of oceanic moisture contribution to the precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) contributes to the reliable assessments of regional water resources and the interpretation of paleo archives in the region. Based on atmospheric reanalysis datasets and numerical moisture tracking, this work reveals the previously underestimated oceanic moisture contributions brought by the westerlies in winter and the overestimated moisture contributions from the Indian Ocean in summer.
Zhihui Wang, Qiuhong Tang, Daoxi Wang, Peiqing Xiao, Runliang Xia, Pengcheng Sun, and Feng Feng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5291–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Variable infiltration capacity simulation considering dynamic vegetation types and structural parameters is able to better capture the effect of temporally explicit vegetation change and climate variation in hydrological regimes. Vegetation greening including interannual LAI and intra-annual LAI temporal pattern change induced by large-scale ecological restoration and non-vegetation underlying surface change played dominant roles in the natural streamflow reduction of the Yellow River basin.
Yubo Liu, Monica Garcia, Chi Zhang, and Qiuhong Tang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1925–1936, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our findings indicate that the reduction in contribution to the Iberian Peninsula (IP) summer precipitation is mainly concentrated in the IP and its neighboring grids. Compared with 1980–1997, both local recycling and external moisture were reduced during 1998–2019. The reduction in local recycling in the IP closely links to the disappearance of the wet years and the decreasing contribution in the dry years.
Xueli Yang, Zhi-Hua Wang, and Chenghao Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1845–1856, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigated potentially catastrophic transitions in hydrological processes by identifying the early-warning signals which manifest as a
critical slowing downin complex dynamic systems. We then analyzed the precipitation network of cities in the contiguous United States and found that key network parameters, such as the nodal density and the clustering coefficient, exhibit similar dynamic behaviour, which can serve as novel early-warning signals for the hydrological system.
Ying Li, Chenghao Wang, Hui Peng, Shangbin Xiao, and Denghua Yan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4759–4772, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation change in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) plays a critical role in the operation and regulation of the Three Gorges Dam and the protection of residents and properties. We investigated the long-term contribution of moisture sources to precipitation changes in this region with an atmospheric moisture tracking model. We found that southwestern source regions (especially the southeastern tip of the Tibetan Plateau) are the key regions that control TGRR precipitation changes.
Masa Kageyama, Louise C. Sime, Marie Sicard, Maria-Vittoria Guarino, Anne de Vernal, Ruediger Stein, David Schroeder, Irene Malmierca-Vallet, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cecilia Bitz, Pascale Braconnot, Esther C. Brady, Jian Cao, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Danny Feltham, Chuncheng Guo, Allegra N. LeGrande, Gerrit Lohmann, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, Polina Morozova, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Ryouta O'ishi, Silvana Ramos Buarque, David Salas y Melia, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Julienne Stroeve, Xiaoxu Shi, Bo Sun, Robert A. Tomas, Evgeny Volodin, Nicholas K. H. Yeung, Qiong Zhang, Zhongshi Zhang, Weipeng Zheng, and Tilo Ziehn
Clim. Past, 17, 37–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-37-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-37-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Last interglacial (ca. 127 000 years ago) is a period with increased summer insolation at high northern latitudes, resulting in a strong reduction in Arctic sea ice. The latest PMIP4-CMIP6 models all simulate this decrease, consistent with reconstructions. However, neither the models nor the reconstructions agree on the possibility of a seasonally ice-free Arctic. Work to clarify the reasons for this model divergence and the conflicting interpretations of the records will thus be needed.
Farhad Hooshyaripor, Sanaz Faraji-Ashkavar, Farshad Koohyian, Qiuhong Tang, and Roohollah Noori
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2739–2751, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2739-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2739-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of El Niño on flood damage was investigated. The methodology was based on the calculation of increasing rainfall amount during El Niño events compared to normal conditions. With the southern oscillation index equal to −1.0 as the threshold of El Niño, the annual percentage of increased rainfall is 12.2 %. The annual change factor may not necessarily be transferred to extreme values. Nonetheless, the change factor was applied for generating simulated storms of different return periods.
Cited articles
Ayantobo, O. O., Wei, J., Hou, M., Xu, J., and Wang, G.: Characterizing potential sources and transport pathways of intense moisture during extreme precipitation events over the Tibetan Plateau, J. Hydrol., 615, 128734, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128734, 2022.
Chen, B., Xu, X. D., Yang, S., and Zhang, W.: On the origin and destination of atmospheric moisture and air mass over the Tibetan Plateau, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 110, 423–435, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0641-y, 2012.
Chen, B., Zhang, W., Yang, S., and Xu, X. D.: Identifying and contrasting the sources of the water vapor reaching the subregions of the Tibetan Plateau during the wet season, Clim. Dynam., 53, 6891–6907, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04963-2, 2019.
Chen, Y., Liu, B., Cai, X., Zhou, T., and He, Q.: Moisture transport and sources of an extreme rainfall event of June 2021 in southern Xinjiang, China, Adv. Clim. Change Res., 13, 843–850, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2022.11.010, 2022.
Cloux, S., Garaboa-Paz, D., Insua-Costa, D., Miguez-Macho, G., and Pérez-Muñuzuri, V.: Extreme precipitation events in the Mediterranean area: contrasting two different models for moisture source identification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6465–6477, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6465-2021, 2021.
Curio, J. and Scherer, D.: Seasonality and spatial variability of dynamic precipitation controls on the Tibetan Plateau, Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 767–782, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-767-2016, 2016.
Dahinden, F., Aemisegger, F., Wernli, H., and Pfahl, S.: Unravelling the transport of moisture into the Saharan Air Layer using passive tracers and isotopes, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 24, e1187, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.1187, 2023.
Fremme, A. and Sodemann, H.: The role of land and ocean evaporation on the variability of precipitation in the Yangtze River valley, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2525–2540, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2525-2019, 2019.
Gimeno, L., Stohl, A., Trigo, R. M., Dominguez, F., Yoshimura, K., Yu, L., Drumond, A., Durán-Quesada, A. M., and Nieto, R.: Oceanic and terrestrial sources of continental precipitation, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG4003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RG000389, 2012.
Gimeno, L., Vazquez, M., Eiras-Barca, J., Sori, R., Stojanovic, M., Algarra, I., Nieto, R., Ramos, A. M., Duran-Quesada, A. M., and Dominguez, F.: Recent progress on the sources of continental precipitation as revealed by moisture transport analysis, Earth-Sci. Rev., 201, 103070, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103070, 2020.
Guo, L., van der Ent, R. J., Klingaman, N. P., Demory, M.-E., Vidale, P. L., Turner, A. G., Stephan, C. C., and Chevuturi, A.: Moisture Sources for East Asian Precipitation: Mean Seasonal Cycle and Interannual Variability, J. Hydrometeorol., 20, 657–672, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0188.1, 2019.
Guo, L., van der Ent, R. J., Klingaman, N. P., Demory, M.-E., Vidale, P. L., Turner, A. G., Stephan, C. C., and Chevuturi, A.: Effects of horizontal resolution and air–sea coupling on simulated moisture source for East Asian precipitation in MetUM GA6/GC2, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6011–6028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6011-2020, 2020.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horanyi, A., Munoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Holm, E., Janiskova, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thepaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2023.
Hu, Q., Zhao, Y., Huang, A., Ma, P., and Ming, J.: Moisture Transport and Sources of the Extreme Precipitation Over Northern and Southern Xinjiang in the Summer Half-Year During 1979–2018, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 770877, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.770877, 2021.
Huang, W., Qiu, T., Yang, Z., Lin, D., Wright, J. S., Wang, B., and He, X.: On the formation mechanism for wintertime extreme precipitation events over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 12692–12714, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028921, 2018.
Keune, J., Schumacher, D. L., and Miralles, D. G.: A unified framework to estimate the origins of atmospheric moisture and heat using Lagrangian models, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1875–1898, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022, 2022.
Li, Y., Su, F., Chen, D., and Tang, Q.: Atmospheric Water Transport to the Endorheic Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on the Hydrological Status in the Region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 12864–12881, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031297, 2019.
Li, Y., Su, F., Tang, Q., Gao, H., Yan, D., Peng, H., and Xiao, S.: Contributions of moisture sources to precipitation in the major drainage basins in the Tibetan Plateau, Sci. China Earth Sci., 65, 1088, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9890-6, 2022a.
Li, Y., Wang, C., Huang, R., Yan, D., Peng, H., and Xiao, S.: Spatial distribution of oceanic moisture contributions to precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6413–6426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6413-2022, 2022b.
Li, Y.: Data and scripts for “Unraveling the discrepancies between Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture tracking models in monsoon- and westerly-dominated basins of the Tibetan Plateau”, Zenodo [code] and [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12780143, 2024.
Liu, R., Wen, J., Wang, X., Wang, Z., and Liu, Y.: Case studies of atmospheric moisture sources in the source region of the Yellow River from a Lagrangian perspective, Int. J. Climatol., 42, 1516–1530, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7317, 2021.
Liu, R., Wang, X., and Wang, Z.: Atmospheric moisture sources of drought and wet events during 1979–2019 in the Three-River Source Region, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 149, 487–499, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04058-9, 2022.
Liu, X., Liu, Y., Wang, X., and Wu, G.: Large-Scale Dynamics and Moisture Sources of the Precipitation Over the Western Tibetan Plateau in Boreal Winter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD032133, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032133, 2020.
Liu, Y., Lu, M., Yang, H., Duan, A., He, B., Yang, S., and Wu, G.: Land–atmosphere–ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau and its climate impacts, Natl. Sci. Rev., 7, 534–552, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa011, 2020.
Ma, Y., Lu, M., Bracken, C., and Chen, H.: Spatially coherent clusters of summer precipitation extremes in the Tibetan Plateau: Where is the moisture from?, Atmos. Res., 237, 104841, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104841, 2020.
Pan, C., Zhu, B., Gao, J., Kang, H., and Zhu, T.: Quantitative identification of moisture sources over the Tibetan Plateau and the relationship between thermal forcing and moisture transport, Clim. Dynam., 52, 181–196, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4130-6, 2018.
Pisso, I., Sollum, E., Grythe, H., Kristiansen, N. I., Cassiani, M., Eckhardt, S., Arnold, D., Morton, D., Thompson, R. L., Groot Zwaaftink, C. D., Evangeliou, N., Sodemann, H., Haimberger, L., Henne, S., Brunner, D., Burkhart, J. F., Fouilloux, A., Brioude, J., Philipp, A., Seibert, P., and Stohl, A.: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 10.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4955–4997, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4955-2019, 2019.
Qiu, T., Huang, W., Wright, J. S., Lin, Y., Lu, P., He, X., Yang, Z., Dong, W., Lu, H., and Wang, B.: Moisture Sources for Wintertime Intense Precipitation Events Over the Three Snowy Subregions of the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 12708–12725, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031110, 2019.
Shao, L., Tian, L., Cai, Z., Wang, C., and Li, Y.: Large-scale atmospheric circulation influences the ice core d-excess record from the central Tibetan Plateau, Clim. Dynam., 57, 1805–1816, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05779-9, 2021.
Sodemann, H., Schwierz, C., and Wernli, H.: Interannual variability of Greenland winter precipitation sources: Lagrangian moisture diagnostic and North Atlantic Oscillation influence, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D03107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008503, 2008.
Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H.: The LAGRANTO Lagrangian analysis tool – version 2.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2569–2586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2569-2015, 2015.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D., and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2016.
Sun, B. and Wang, H.: Moisture sources of semiarid grassland in China using the Lagrangian particle model FLEXPART, J. Climate, 27, 2457–2474, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00517.1, 2014.
Tipka, A., Haimberger, L., and Seibert, P.: Flex_extract v7.1.2 – a software package to retrieve and prepare ECMWF data for use in FLEXPART, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5277–5310, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5277-2020, 2020.
Tuinenburg, O. A. and Staal, A.: Tracking the global flows of atmospheric moisture and associated uncertainties, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2419–2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2419-2020, 2020.
van der Ent, R. J., Savenije, H. H., Schaefli, B., and Steele-Dunne, S. C.: Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents, Water Resour. Res., 46, W09525, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009127, 2010.
van der Ent, R. J., Tuinenburg, O. A., Knoche, H.-R., Kunstmann, H., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Should we use a simple or complex model for moisture recycling and atmospheric moisture tracking?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4869–4884, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4869-2013, 2013.
van der Ent, R. J., Wang-Erlandsson, L., Keys, P. W., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle – Part 2: Moisture recycling, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 471–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-471-2014, 2014.
van der Ent, R. J., Benedict, I. B., Weijenborg, C., Cömert, T., van de Koppel, N., Guo, L., de Feiter, V., and Kalverla, P.: WAM2layers (Version v3.0.0-beta.5), GitHub [code], https://github.com/WAM2layers/WAM2layers, (last access: 14 September 2024), 2023.
Wang, L., Liu, W., Xu, Z., and Zhang, J.: Water sources and recharge mechanisms of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes, J. Hydrol., 614, 128585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128585, 2022.
Wang, Y., Yang, K., Huang, W., Qiu, T., and Wang, B.: Dominant Contribution of South Asia Monsoon to External Moisture for Extreme Precipitation Events in Northern Tibetan Plateau, Remote Sens.-Basel, 15, 735, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030735, 2023.
Winschall, A., Pfahl, S., Sodemann, H., and Wernli, H.: Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics – the flood event in eastern Europe in May 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6605–6619, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6605-2014, 2014.
Xu, Y. and Gao, Y.: Quantification of Evaporative Sources of Precipitation and Its Changes in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau and Middle Yangtze River Basin, Atmosphere, 10, 428, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10080428, 2019.
Yang, K., Wu, H., Qin, J., Lin, C., Tang, W., and Chen, Y.: Recent climate changes over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and water cycle: A review, Global Planet. Change, 112, 79–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.001, 2014.
Yang, S., Zhang, W., Chen, B., Xu, X., and Zhao, R.: Remote moisture sources for 6 h summer precipitation over the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its effects on precipitation intensity, Atmos. Res., 236, 104803, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104803, 2020.
Yao, S., Jiang, D., and Zhang, Z.: Lagrangian simulations of moisture sources for Chinese Xinjiang precipitation during 1979–2018, Int. J. Climatol., 41, E216–E232, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6679, 2020.
Yao, S., Jiang, D., and Zhang, Z.: Moisture Sources of Heavy Precipitation in Xinjiang Characterized by Meteorological Patterns, J. Hydrometeorol., 22, 2213–2225, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0236.1, 2021.
Yao, T., Masson-Delmotte, V., Gao, J., Yu, W., Yang, X., Risi, C., Sturm, C., Werner, M., Zhao, H., and He, Y.: A review of climatic controls on δ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau: Observations and simulations, Rev. Geophys., 51, 525–548, https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20023, 2013.
Yao, T., Xue, Y., Chen, D., Chen, F., Thompson, L., Cui, P., Koike, T., Lau, W. K.-M., Lettenmaier, D., and Mosbrugger, V.: Recent Third Pole's rapid warming accompanies cryospheric melt and water cycle intensification and interactions between monsoon and environment: multi-disciplinary approach with observation, modeling and analysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 423–444, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0057.1, 2018.
Yao, T., Bolch, T., Chen, D., Gao, J., Immerzeel, W., Piao, S., Su, F., Thompson, L., Wada, Y., Wang, L., Wang, T., Wu, G., Xu, B., Yang, W., Zhang, G., and Zhao, P.: The imbalance of the Asian water tower, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3, 618–632, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00299-4, 2022.
ZAMG: Flexpart, Welcome to the official FLEXPART web site, ZAMG, https://www.flexpart.eu/ (last access: 14 September 2024), 2024.
Zhang, C.: Moisture source assessment and the varying characteristics for the Tibetan Plateau precipitation using TRMM, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 104003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abac78, 2020.
Zhang, C., Tang, Q., and Chen, D.: Recent changes in the moisture source of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau, J. Climate, 30, 1807–1819, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0842.1, 2017.
Zhang, C., Tang, Q. H., Chen, D. L., van der Ent, R. J., Liu, X. C., Li, W. H., and Haile, G. G.: Moisture Source Changes Contributed to Different Precipitation Changes over the Northern and Southern Tibetan Plateau, J. Hydrometeorol., 20, 217–229, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jhm-D-18-0094.1, 2019.
Zhang, C., Chen, D., Tang, Q., and Huang, J.: Fate and Changes in Moisture Evaporated From the Tibetan Plateau (2000–2020), Water Resour. Res., 59, e2022WR034165, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR034165, 2023.
Zhang, C., Zhang, X., Tang, Q., Chen, D., Huang, J., Wu, S., and Liu, Y.: Quantifying precipitation moisture contributed by different atmospheric circulations across the Tibetan Plateau, J. Hydrol., 628, 130517, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130517, 2024.
Zhang, Q., Shen, Z., Pokhrel, Y., Farinotti, D., Singh, V. P., Xu, C., Wu, W., and Wang, G.: Oceanic climate changes threaten the sustainability of Asia's water tower, Nature, 615, 87–93, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05643-8, 2023.
Zhang, Y., Huang, W., and Zhong, D.: Major Moisture Pathways and Their Importance to Rainy Season Precipitation over the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau, J. Climate, 32, 6837–6857, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0196.1, 2019.
Zhao, R., Chen, B., and Xu, X.: Intensified Moisture Sources of Heavy Precipitation Events Contributed to Interannual Trend in Precipitation Over the Three-Rivers-Headwater Region in China, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 674037, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.674037, 2021.
Zhao, R., Chen, B., Zhang, W., Yang, S., and Xu, X.: Moisture source anomalies connected to flood-drought changes over the three-rivers headwater region of Tibetan Plateau, Int. J. Climatol., 43, 5303–5316, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8147, 2023.
Zhou, Y., Xie, Z., and Liu, X.: An Analysis of Moisture Sources of Torrential Rainfall Events over Xinjiang, China, J. Hydrometeorol., 20, 2109–2122, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-19-0010.1, 2019.
Short summary
For moisture tracking over the Tibetan Plateau, we recommend using high-resolution forcing datasets, prioritizing temporal resolution over spatial resolution for WAM2layers, while for FLEXPART coupled with WaterSip, we suggest applying bias corrections to optimize the filtering of precipitation particles and adjust evaporation estimates.
For moisture tracking over the Tibetan Plateau, we recommend using high-resolution forcing...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint