Articles | Volume 23, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Nov 2023
Research article |
| 03 Nov 2023
| 03 Nov 2023
Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (NOAA CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Amy H. Butler
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (NOAA CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
Daniele Visioni
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling (ACOM), Boulder, CO, USA
Yan Zhang
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Ben Kravitz
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Douglas G. MacMartin
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Cited
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies M. Hack et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20447-2
- Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
- Key Gaps in Models' Physical Representation of Climate Intervention and Its Impacts S. Eastham et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004872
- Simulated response of the climate of eastern Africa to stratospheric aerosol intervention H. Misiani et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1522235
- South Asian Summer Monsoon under stratospheric aerosol intervention A. Asutosh et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00875-z
- Energetic constraints on tropical precipitation changes under stratospheric aerosol geoengineering: a topical review A. Xavier et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae6714
- Informative risk analyses of radiative forcing geoengineering require proper counterfactuals W. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01881-y
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Geoengineering and Animal Ethics: The Case of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection L. Bossert & C. Palmer https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2026.2643139
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering implemented only in the winter hemispheres on the ITCZ and tropical monsoon regions T. Kallihosur & G. Bala https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae7200
- Air quality impacts of stratospheric aerosol injections are likely small and mainly driven by changes in climate, not aerosol settling C. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1339-2026
- G6-1.5K-SAI and G6sulfur: changes in impacts and uncertainty depending on stratospheric aerosol injection strategy in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project W. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7463-2026
- How does the latitude of stratospheric aerosol injection affect the climate in UKESM1? M. Henry et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13253-2024
- Potential Non‐Linearities in the High Latitude Circulation and Ozone Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Injection E. Bednarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104726
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol injection: a regional case study S. Cohen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1582747
- Sensitivity of Arctic sea ice recovery to stratospheric aerosol injection latitude H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01298-0
- Materials with smaller absorptivity could reduce detrimental impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection on the hydrological cycle M. Geurts et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae7e0d
- Stratospheric aerosol injection can weaken the carbon dioxide greenhouse effect H. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02466-z
- Effects of solar radiation modification on precipitation extremes in Southeast Asia: Insights from the GeoMIP G6 experiments Z. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2025.04.009
- Stratospheric injection of solid particles reduces side effects on circulation and climate compared to SO2 injections F. Stefanetti et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f93
- Research criteria towards an interdisciplinary Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention assessment S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae010
- Potential effects of stratospheric aerosol injection on the mean and extreme climate of South America C. Gulizia et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae065a
- Injecting solid particles into the stratosphere could mitigate global warming but currently entails great uncertainties S. Vattioni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02038-1
- Uncertainties of SAI efficiency and impacts depending on the complexity of the aerosol microphysical model S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2649-2026
- Radiative forcing geoengineering under high CO2 levels leads to higher risk of Arctic wildfires and permafrost thaw than a targeted mitigation scenario R. Müller et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01329-3
- The global climate response to High-Latitude Low-Altitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (HiLLA-SAI) A. Duffey et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-353-2026
- Africa’s regional and local climate response to stratospheric aerosol injection characteristics N. Kumi et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1599405
- How marine cloud brightening could also affect stratospheric ozone E. Bednarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu4038
- Meeting climate goals through mitigation and intervention: developments in emissions reduction, greenhouse gas removal, and solar radiation modification D. McGrath et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2025.22
- Irradiation of an entrance aperture of the polarimeter on a near-earth orbit at the electromagnetic wave length 1.378 mm V. DANYLEVSKY https://doi.org/10.17721/BTSNUA.2024.69.11-21
- Future seasonal surface temperature predictability with and without ARISE-stratospheric aerosol injection-1.5 K. Mayer et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9b43
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Engineering and logistical concerns add practical limitations to stratospheric aerosol injection strategies M. Hack et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20447-2
- Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
- Key Gaps in Models' Physical Representation of Climate Intervention and Its Impacts S. Eastham et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004872
- Simulated response of the climate of eastern Africa to stratospheric aerosol intervention H. Misiani et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1522235
- South Asian Summer Monsoon under stratospheric aerosol intervention A. Asutosh et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00875-z
- Energetic constraints on tropical precipitation changes under stratospheric aerosol geoengineering: a topical review A. Xavier et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae6714
- Informative risk analyses of radiative forcing geoengineering require proper counterfactuals W. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01881-y
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Geoengineering and Animal Ethics: The Case of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection L. Bossert & C. Palmer https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2026.2643139
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering implemented only in the winter hemispheres on the ITCZ and tropical monsoon regions T. Kallihosur & G. Bala https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae7200
- Air quality impacts of stratospheric aerosol injections are likely small and mainly driven by changes in climate, not aerosol settling C. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-1339-2026
- G6-1.5K-SAI and G6sulfur: changes in impacts and uncertainty depending on stratospheric aerosol injection strategy in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project W. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7463-2026
- How does the latitude of stratospheric aerosol injection affect the climate in UKESM1? M. Henry et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13253-2024
- Potential Non‐Linearities in the High Latitude Circulation and Ozone Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Injection E. Bednarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104726
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol injection: a regional case study S. Cohen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1582747
- Sensitivity of Arctic sea ice recovery to stratospheric aerosol injection latitude H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01298-0
- Materials with smaller absorptivity could reduce detrimental impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection on the hydrological cycle M. Geurts et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae7e0d
- Stratospheric aerosol injection can weaken the carbon dioxide greenhouse effect H. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02466-z
- Effects of solar radiation modification on precipitation extremes in Southeast Asia: Insights from the GeoMIP G6 experiments Z. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2025.04.009
- Stratospheric injection of solid particles reduces side effects on circulation and climate compared to SO2 injections F. Stefanetti et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f93
- Research criteria towards an interdisciplinary Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention assessment S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae010
- Potential effects of stratospheric aerosol injection on the mean and extreme climate of South America C. Gulizia et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae065a
- Injecting solid particles into the stratosphere could mitigate global warming but currently entails great uncertainties S. Vattioni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02038-1
- Uncertainties of SAI efficiency and impacts depending on the complexity of the aerosol microphysical model S. Tilmes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2649-2026
- Radiative forcing geoengineering under high CO2 levels leads to higher risk of Arctic wildfires and permafrost thaw than a targeted mitigation scenario R. Müller et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01329-3
- The global climate response to High-Latitude Low-Altitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (HiLLA-SAI) A. Duffey et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-353-2026
- Africa’s regional and local climate response to stratospheric aerosol injection characteristics N. Kumi et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1599405
- How marine cloud brightening could also affect stratospheric ozone E. Bednarz et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu4038
- Meeting climate goals through mitigation and intervention: developments in emissions reduction, greenhouse gas removal, and solar radiation modification D. McGrath et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2025.22
- Irradiation of an entrance aperture of the polarimeter on a near-earth orbit at the electromagnetic wave length 1.378 mm V. DANYLEVSKY https://doi.org/10.17721/BTSNUA.2024.69.11-21
- Future seasonal surface temperature predictability with and without ARISE-stratospheric aerosol injection-1.5 K. Mayer et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad9b43
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 08 Aug 2026
Short summary
We use a state-of-the-art Earth system model and a set of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) strategies to achieve the same level of global mean surface cooling through different combinations of location and/or timing of the injection. We demonstrate that the choice of SAI strategy can lead to contrasting impacts on stratospheric and tropospheric temperatures, circulation, and chemistry (including stratospheric ozone), thereby leading to different impacts on regional surface climate.
We use a state-of-the-art Earth system model and a set of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)...
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