Articles | Volume 21, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6985-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6985-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 May 2021
Research article |
| 07 May 2021
| 07 May 2021
Robust winter warming over Eurasia under stratospheric sulfate geoengineering – the role of stratospheric dynamics
Antara Banerjee
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences,
University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Chemical Sciences
Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Amy H. Butler
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Chemical Sciences
Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Lorenzo M. Polvani
Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA
Alan Robock
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Isla R. Simpson
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Lantao Sun
Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO, USA
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Cited
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Overlooked Role of the Stratosphere Under a Solar Constant Reduction E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2022GL098773
- Impact of the Latitude of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on the Southern Annular Mode E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2022GL100353
- Solar Geoengineering in the Polar Regions: A Review A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2023EF003679
- Potential Non‐Linearities in the High Latitude Circulation and Ozone Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Injection E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2023GL104726
- A reversible mid-stratospheric architecture to reduce insolation N. Komerath & R. Deepak 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121575
- Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on the East Asian Winter Monsoon Z. Liu et al. 10.1029/2022GL102109
- Assessing Outcomes in Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Scenarios Shortly After Deployment D. Hueholt et al. 10.1029/2023EF003488
- The Influence of Stratospheric Soot and Sulfate Aerosols on the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Atmospheric Circulation J. Coupe & A. Robock 10.1029/2020JD034513
- ENSO and NAO Linkage to Strong Volcanism and Associated Post‐Volcanic High‐Latitude Winter Warming M. Dogar et al. 10.1029/2023GL106114
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Changes in Hadley circulation and intertropical convergence zone under strategic stratospheric aerosol geoengineering W. Cheng et al. 10.1038/s41612-022-00254-6
- Injecting solid particles into the stratosphere could mitigate global warming but currently entails great uncertainties S. Vattioni et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02038-1
- An Optimal Atmospheric Circulation Mode in the Arctic Favoring Strong Summertime Sea Ice Melting and Ice–Albedo Feedback I. Baxter & Q. Ding 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0679.1
- Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering E. Bednarz et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
- The Arctic Polar Vortex Response to Volcanic Forcing of Different Strengths A. Azoulay et al. 10.1029/2020JD034450
- Using feature importance as an exploratory data analysis tool on Earth system models D. Ries et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-1041-2025
- Stratospheric injection of solid particles reduces side effects on circulation and climate compared to SO2 injections F. Stefanetti et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f93
- Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. 10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention on the North Atlantic and Quasi-Biennial Oscillations in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G6sulfur experiment A. Jones et al. 10.5194/acp-22-2999-2022
- Challenges in detecting volcanic forcing in climate and societal proxies: insights from the 1170/1171 CE eruption S. Guillet et al. 10.1007/s10584-025-03867-x
- Assessing the consequences of including aerosol absorption in potential stratospheric aerosol injection climate intervention strategies J. Haywood et al. 10.5194/acp-22-6135-2022
- Stratospheric aerosol injection may impact global systems and human health outcomes S. Tracy et al. 10.1525/elementa.2022.00047
- Dependence of strategic solar climate intervention on background scenario and model physics J. Fasullo & J. Richter 10.5194/acp-23-163-2023
- Climate Teleconnections Influencing Historical Variations, Trends, and Shifts in Snow Cover Days in Finland M. Irannezhad et al. 10.1007/s41748-024-00466-1
- Investigating post-eruption amplified winter cooling in the Middle East and North Africa—unraveling ENSO and NAO dynamics M. Dogar et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/adc675
- Volcanic stratospheric injections up to 160 Tg(S) yield a Eurasian winter warming indistinguishable from internal variability K. DallaSanta & L. Polvani 10.5194/acp-22-8843-2022
- Future seasonal surface temperature predictability with and without ARISE-stratospheric aerosol injection-1.5 K. Mayer et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9b43
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- Indices of extremes: geographic patterns of change in extremes and associated vegetation impacts under climate intervention M. Tye et al. 10.5194/esd-13-1233-2022
- Northern-high-latitude permafrost and terrestrial carbon response to two solar geoengineering scenarios Y. Chen et al. 10.5194/esd-14-55-2023
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Overlooked Role of the Stratosphere Under a Solar Constant Reduction E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2022GL098773
- Impact of the Latitude of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on the Southern Annular Mode E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2022GL100353
- Solar Geoengineering in the Polar Regions: A Review A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2023EF003679
- Potential Non‐Linearities in the High Latitude Circulation and Ozone Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Injection E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2023GL104726
- A reversible mid-stratospheric architecture to reduce insolation N. Komerath & R. Deepak 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121575
- Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on the East Asian Winter Monsoon Z. Liu et al. 10.1029/2022GL102109
- Assessing Outcomes in Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Scenarios Shortly After Deployment D. Hueholt et al. 10.1029/2023EF003488
- The Influence of Stratospheric Soot and Sulfate Aerosols on the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Atmospheric Circulation J. Coupe & A. Robock 10.1029/2020JD034513
- ENSO and NAO Linkage to Strong Volcanism and Associated Post‐Volcanic High‐Latitude Winter Warming M. Dogar et al. 10.1029/2023GL106114
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Changes in Hadley circulation and intertropical convergence zone under strategic stratospheric aerosol geoengineering W. Cheng et al. 10.1038/s41612-022-00254-6
- Injecting solid particles into the stratosphere could mitigate global warming but currently entails great uncertainties S. Vattioni et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02038-1
- An Optimal Atmospheric Circulation Mode in the Arctic Favoring Strong Summertime Sea Ice Melting and Ice–Albedo Feedback I. Baxter & Q. Ding 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0679.1
- Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering E. Bednarz et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
- The Arctic Polar Vortex Response to Volcanic Forcing of Different Strengths A. Azoulay et al. 10.1029/2020JD034450
- Using feature importance as an exploratory data analysis tool on Earth system models D. Ries et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-1041-2025
- Stratospheric injection of solid particles reduces side effects on circulation and climate compared to SO2 injections F. Stefanetti et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f93
- Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. 10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention on the North Atlantic and Quasi-Biennial Oscillations in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G6sulfur experiment A. Jones et al. 10.5194/acp-22-2999-2022
- Challenges in detecting volcanic forcing in climate and societal proxies: insights from the 1170/1171 CE eruption S. Guillet et al. 10.1007/s10584-025-03867-x
- Assessing the consequences of including aerosol absorption in potential stratospheric aerosol injection climate intervention strategies J. Haywood et al. 10.5194/acp-22-6135-2022
- Stratospheric aerosol injection may impact global systems and human health outcomes S. Tracy et al. 10.1525/elementa.2022.00047
- Dependence of strategic solar climate intervention on background scenario and model physics J. Fasullo & J. Richter 10.5194/acp-23-163-2023
- Climate Teleconnections Influencing Historical Variations, Trends, and Shifts in Snow Cover Days in Finland M. Irannezhad et al. 10.1007/s41748-024-00466-1
- Investigating post-eruption amplified winter cooling in the Middle East and North Africa—unraveling ENSO and NAO dynamics M. Dogar et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/adc675
- Volcanic stratospheric injections up to 160 Tg(S) yield a Eurasian winter warming indistinguishable from internal variability K. DallaSanta & L. Polvani 10.5194/acp-22-8843-2022
- Future seasonal surface temperature predictability with and without ARISE-stratospheric aerosol injection-1.5 K. Mayer et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9b43
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- Indices of extremes: geographic patterns of change in extremes and associated vegetation impacts under climate intervention M. Tye et al. 10.5194/esd-13-1233-2022
- Northern-high-latitude permafrost and terrestrial carbon response to two solar geoengineering scenarios Y. Chen et al. 10.5194/esd-14-55-2023
Latest update: 29 Jul 2025
Short summary
We find that simulated stratospheric sulfate geoengineering could lead to warmer Eurasian winters alongside a drier Mediterranean and wetting to the north. These effects occur due to the strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex, which shifts the North Atlantic Oscillation to a more positive phase. We find the effects in our simulations to be much more significant than the wintertime effects of large tropical volcanic eruptions which inject much less sulfate aerosol.
We find that simulated stratospheric sulfate geoengineering could lead to warmer Eurasian...
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