Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1325-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1325-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Ozonolysis of fatty acid monolayers at the air–water interface: organic films may persist at the surface of atmospheric aerosols
Benjamin Woden
Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities
Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
Maximilian W. A. Skoda
ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities
Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
Adam Milsom
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
Curtis Gubb
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
Armando Maestro
Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
James Tellam
ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities
Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6BG, UK
Related authors
Adam Milsom, Adam M. Squires, Ben Laurence, Ben Wōden, Andrew J. Smith, Andrew D. Ward, and Christian Pfrang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13571–13586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We followed nano-structural changes in mixtures found in urban organic aerosol emissions (oleic acid, sodium oleate and fructose) during humidity change and ozone exposure. We demonstrate that self-assembly of fatty acid nanostructures can impact water uptake and chemical reactivity, affecting atmospheric lifetimes, urban air quality (preventing harmful emissions from degradation and enabling their long-range transport) and climate (affecting cloud formation), with implications for human health.
Andrea Mazzeo, Christian Pfrang, and Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-783, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-783, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Indoor air pollution is a serious public health risk. There is an urgent need to understand how various sources contribute to air pollution over time in homes, workplaces, vehicles, and recreational areas. The InAPI tool is built on a database of indoor air pollutants in the UK. It organizes information about pollutants, environments, and activities, and provides data on indoor pollutant levels and their emission rates. This is crucial to guide future research in managing indoor air quality.
Rosalie H. Shepherd, Martin D. King, Andrew D. Ward, Edward J. Stuckey, Rebecca J. L. Welbourn, Neil Brough, Adam Milsom, Christian Pfrang, and Thomas Arnold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2569–2588, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2569-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2569-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Thin film formation at the air–water interface from material extracted from atmospheric aerosol was demonstrated, supporting the core–shell morphology. Film thicknesses were approximately 10 Å and 17 Å for urban and remote extracts, respectively. Exposure to gas-phase OH radicals showed fast reactions and short lifetimes of around 1 h. The effect on the Earth's radiative balance indicated that removing half of the film could significantly increase the top-of-atmosphere albedo for urban films.
Adam Milsom, Adam M. Squires, Ben Laurence, Ben Wōden, Andrew J. Smith, Andrew D. Ward, and Christian Pfrang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13571–13586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We followed nano-structural changes in mixtures found in urban organic aerosol emissions (oleic acid, sodium oleate and fructose) during humidity change and ozone exposure. We demonstrate that self-assembly of fatty acid nanostructures can impact water uptake and chemical reactivity, affecting atmospheric lifetimes, urban air quality (preventing harmful emissions from degradation and enabling their long-range transport) and climate (affecting cloud formation), with implications for human health.
Sophie A. Mills, Adam Milsom, Christian Pfrang, A. Rob MacKenzie, and Francis D. Pope
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4885–4898, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4885-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4885-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Pollen grains are important components of the atmosphere and have the potential to impact upon cloud processes via their ability to help in the formation of rain droplets. This study investigates the hygroscopicity of two different pollen species using an acoustic levitator. Pollen grains are levitated, and their response to changes in relative humidity is investigated. A key advantage of this method is that it is possible study pollen shape under varying environmental conditions.
Adam Milsom, Shaojun Qi, Ashmi Mishra, Thomas Berkemeier, Zhenyu Zhang, and Christian Pfrang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10835–10843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols and films are found indoors and outdoors. Our study measures and models reactions of a cooking aerosol proxy with the atmospheric oxidant ozone relying on a low-cost but sensitive technique based on mass changes and film rigidity. We found that film morphology changed and film rigidity increased with evidence of surface crust formation during ozone exposure. Our modelling results demonstrate clear potential to take this robust method to the field for reaction monitoring.
Adam Milsom, Amy Lees, Adam M. Squires, and Christian Pfrang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7139–7151, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7139-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7139-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
MultilayerPy is a Python-based framework facilitating the creation, running and optimisation of state-of-the-art kinetic multi-layer models of aerosol and film processes. Models can be fit to data with local and global optimisation algorithms along with a statistical sampling algorithm, which quantifies the uncertainty in optimised model parameters. This “modelling study in a box” enables more reproducible and reliable results, with model code and outputs produced in a human-readable way.
Adam Milsom, Adam M. Squires, Andrew D. Ward, and Christian Pfrang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4895–4907, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4895-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cooking emissions can self-organise into nanostructured lamellar bilayers, and this can influence reaction kinetics. We developed a kinetic multi-layer model-based description of decay data we obtained from laboratory experiments of the ozonolysis of coated films of such a self-organised system, demonstrating a decreased diffusivity for both oleic acid and ozone. Nanostructure formation can thus increase the reactive half-life of oleic acid by days under typical indoor and outdoor conditions.
Adam Milsom, Adam M. Squires, Jacob A. Boswell, Nicholas J. Terrill, Andrew D. Ward, and Christian Pfrang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15003–15021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15003-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15003-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aerosols can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. This phase state may impact key aerosol processes such as oxidation and water uptake, affecting cloud droplet formation and urban air pollution. We have observed a solid crystalline organic phase in a levitated proxy for cooking emissions, oleic acid. Spatially resolved structural changes were followed during ageing by X-ray scattering, revealing phase gradients, aggregate products and a markedly reduced ozonolysis reaction rate.
Mohammed S. Alam, Leigh R. Crilley, James D. Lee, Louisa J. Kramer, Christian Pfrang, Mónica Vázquez-Moreno, Milagros Ródenas, Amalia Muñoz, and William J. Bloss
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5977–5991, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report on the interference arising in measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the presence of a range of alkenes in sampled air when using the most widespread air quality monitoring technique for chemiluminescence detection. Interferences of up to 11 % are reported, depending upon the alkene present and conditions used. Such interferences may be of substantial importance for the interpretation of ambient NOx data, particularly for high volatile organic compound and low NOx environments.
Cited articles
Allan, J. D., Williams, P. I., Morgan, W. T., Martin, C. L., Flynn, M. J., Lee, J., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G. J., Gallagher, M. W., and Coe, H.: Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 647–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-647-2010, 2010.
Ambaum, M. H. P.: Thermal Physics of the Atmosphere, 1st edn.,
Wiley-Blackwell, Reading, UK, 2010.
Barnes, G. T.: Permeation through monolayers, Colloid. Surface. A, 126, 149–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(96)03926-X, 1997.
Benjamin, I.: Chemical Reactions and Solvation at Liquid Interfaces: A
Microscopic Perspective Chemical Reactions and Solvation at Liquid
Interfaces: A Microscopic Perspective, Chem. Rev., 96, 1449–1476,
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr950230, 1996.
Cantrell, W. and Robinson, C.: Heterogeneous freezing of ammonium sulfate
and sodium chloride solutions by long chain alcohols, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
33, L07802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024945, 2006.
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Lambe, A. T., Xu, R., Lei, Z., Olson, N. E., Zhang, Z.,
Szalkowski, T., Cui, T., Vizuete, W., Gold, A., Turpin, B. J., Ault, A. P.,
Chan, M. N., and Surratt, J. D.: Heterogeneous Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation of
Isoprene-Epoxydiol-Derived Methyltetrol Sulfates: Plausible Formation
Mechanisms of Previously Unexplained Organosulfates in Ambient Fine
Aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 7, 460–468,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00276, 2020.
Cohen Stuart, M. A., Wegh, R. A. J., Kroon, J. M., and Sudhölter, E. J.
R.: Design and Testing of a Low-Cost and Compact Brewster Angle Microscope,
Langmuir, 12, 2863–2865, https://doi.org/10.1021/la9507592, 1996.
Cosman, L. M., Knopf, D. A., and Bertram, A. K.: N2O5 reactive
uptake on aqueous sulfuric acid solutions coated with branched and
straight-chain insoluble organic surfactants, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112,
2386–2396, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp710685r, 2008.
Daumont, D., Brion, J., Charbonnier, J., and Malicet, J.: Ozone UV
spectroscopy I: Absorption cross sections at room temperature, J. Atmos.
Chem., 15, 135–155, 1992.
Donaldson, D. J. and Vaida, V.: The influence of organic films at the
air-aqueous boundary on atmospheric processes, Chem. Rev., 106,
1445–1461, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr040367c, 2006.
Ellison, G. B., Tuck, A. F., and Vaida, V.: Atmospheric processing of organic
aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11633–11641, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900073,
1999.
Enami, S. and Colussi, A. J.: Efficient scavenging of Criegee intermediates
on water by surface-active cis-pinonic acid, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 19,
17044–17051, 2017.
Fu, P. Q., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., Charrière, B., and Sempéré, R.: Organic molecular composition of marine aerosols over the Arctic Ocean in summer: contributions of primary emission and secondary aerosol formation, Biogeosciences, 10, 653–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-653-2013, 2013.
Gaines, G. L.: Insoluble Monolayers at the Liquid Gas Interface,
Interscience Publishers, New York, USA, 1966.
Gallimore, P. J., Griffiths, P. T., Pope, F. D., Reid, J. P., and Kalberer,
M.: Comprehensive modeling study of ozonolysis of oleic acid aerosol based
on real-time, online measurements of aerosol composition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 4364–4377, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026221, 2017.
Garrett, W. D.: Retardation of Water Drop Evaporation with Monomolecular
Surface Films, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 816–819,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0816:rowdew>2.0.co;2,
1971.
Geŕard, V., Noziere, B., Fine, L., Ferronato, C., Singh, D. K., Frossard, A.
A., Cohen, R. C., Asmi, E., Lihavainen, H., Kivekas̈, N., Aurela, M., Brus,
D., Frka, S., Kusǎn, A. C.: Concentrations and Adsorption Isotherms for
Amphiphilic Surfactants in PM1 Aerosols from Different Regions of Europe,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 21, 12379–12388, 2019.
Gill, P. S., Graedel, T. E., and Weschler, C. J.: Organic films on
atmospheric aerosol particles, fog droplets, cloud droplets, raindrops, and
snowflakes, Rev. Geophys., 21, 903, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG021i004p00903, 1983.
Gilman, J. B., Eliason, T. L., Fast, A., and Vaida, V.: Selectivity and
stability of organic films at the air-aqueous interface, J. Colloid
Interf. Sci., 280, 234–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.07.019, 2004.
Gross, S., Iannone, R., Xiao, S., and Bertram, A. K.: Reactive uptake studies
of NO3 and N2O5 on alkenoic acid, alkanoate, and polyalcohol
substrates to probe nighttime aerosol chemistry, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.,
11, 7792–7803, 2009.
Grotjahn, R.: General Circulation of the Atmosphere, Mean
Characteristics, in: Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, 2nd edn.,
edited by: North, G. R., Pyle, J., and Zhang, F., 73–89, Academic Press,
Oxford, UK, 2015.
Hung, H.-M. and Tang, C.-W.: Effects of Temperature and Physical State on
Heterogeneous Oxidation of Oleic Acid Droplets with Ozone, J. Phys. Chem. A,
114, 13104–13112, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp105042w, 2010.
Hung, H.-M., Katrib, Y., and Martin, S. T.: Products and mechanisms of the
reaction of oleic acid with ozone and nitrate radical, J. Phys. Chem. A.,
109, 4517–4530, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0500900, 2005.
Jones, S. H., King, M. D., Ward, A. D., Rennie, A. R., Jones, A. C., and
Arnold, T.: Are organic films from atmospheric aerosol and sea water inert
to oxidation by ozone at the air-water interface?, Atmos. Environ., 161,
274–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2017.04.025, 2017.
King, M. D., Thompson, K. C., and Ward, A. D.: Laser Tweezers Raman Study of
Optically Trapped Aerosol Droplets of Seawater and Oleic Acid Reacting with
Ozone: Implications for Cloud-Droplet Properties, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
126, 16710–16711, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja044717o, 2004.
King, M. D., Rennie, A. R., Thompson, K. C., Fisher, F. N., Dong, C. C.,
Thomas, R. K., Pfrang, C., and Hughes, A. V.: Oxidation of oleic acid at the
air-water interface and its potential effects on cloud critical
supersaturations., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7699–7707,
https://doi.org/10.1039/b906517b, 2009.
Knopf, D. A. and Forrester, S. M.: Freezing of Water and Aqueous NaCl
Droplets Coated by Organic Monolayers as a Function of Surfactant Properties
and Water Activity, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 5579–5591, 2011.
Knopf, D. A., Anthony, L. M., and Bertram, A. K.: Reactive uptake of O3
by multicomponent and multiphase mixtures containing oleic acid, J. Phys.
Chem. A, 109, 5579–5589, 2005.
Knopf, D. A., Cosman, L. M., Mousavi, P., Mokamati, S., and Bertram, A. K.: A
novel flow reactor for studying reactions on liquid surfaces coated by
organic monolayers: Methods, validation, and initial results, J. Phys. Chem.
A, 111, 11021–11032, https://doi.org/10.1021/Jp075724c, 2007.
Knopf, D. A., Alpert, P. A., and Wang, B.: The Role of Organic Aerosol in
Atmospheric Ice Nucleation: A Review, ACS Earth Space Chem., 2, 168–202,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00120, 2018.
Koop, T., Kapilashrami, A., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Phase transitions
of sea-salt/water mixtures at low temperatures: Implications for ozone
chemistry in the polar marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
26393–26402, 2000a.
Koop, T., Luo, B. P., Tsias, A., and Peter, T.: Water activity as the
determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions, Nature,
406, 611–614, https://doi.org/10.1038/35020537, 2000b.
Kroflič, A., Frka, S., Simmel, M., Wex, H., and Grgič, I.: Size-Resolved
Surface-Active Substances of Atmospheric Aerosol: Reconsideration of the
Impact on Cloud Droplet Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52,
9179–9187, 2018.
La Mer, V. K.: Retardation of Evaporation by Monolayers: Transport
Processes, Academic Press Inc., London, UK, 1962.
La Mer, V. K., Healy, T. W., and Aylmore, L. A. G.: The transport of water through monolayers of long-chain
n-paraffinic alcohols, J. Colloid Sci., 19, 673–684, 1964.
Last, D. J., Nájera, J. J., Wamsley, R., Hilton, G., McGillen, M.,
Percival, C. J., and Horn, A. B.: Ozonolysis of organic compounds and
mixtures in solution. Part I: Oleic, maleic, nonanoic and benzoic acids,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 1427–1440, https://doi.org/10.1039/b815425b, 2009.
Li, S., Cheng, S., Du, L., and Wang, W.: Establishing a model organic film of
low volatile compound mixture on aqueous aerosol surface, Atmos. Environ.,
200, 15–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.052, 2019.
Lu, J. R., Thomas, R. K., and Penfold, J.: Surfactant layers at the air/water
interface: structure and composition, Adv. Colloid Interfac., 84,
143–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00019-6, 2000.
McNeill, V. F., Patterson, J., Wolfe, G. M., and Thornton, J. A.: The effect of varying levels of surfactant on the reactive uptake of N2O5 to aqueous aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1635-2006, 2006.
McNeill, V. F., Wolfe, G. M., and Thornton, J. A.: The Oxidation of Oleate in
Submicron Aqueous Salt Aerosols: Evidence of a Surface Process, J. Phys.
Chem. A, 111, 1073–1083, https://doi.org/10.1021/JP066233F, 2007.
Mmereki, B. T. and Donaldson, D. J.: Laser induced fluorescence of pyrene at
an organic coated air-water interface, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4,
4186–4191, https://doi.org/10.1039/b204754c, 2002.
Mmereki, B. T., Chaudhuri, S. R., and Donaldson, D. J.: Enhanced Uptake of
PAHs by Organic-Coated Aqueous Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107,
2264–2269, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp027361g, 2003.
Moise, T. and Rudich, Y.: Reactive Uptake of Ozone by Aerosol-Associated
Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Products, J. Phys. Chem.
A, 106, 6469–6476, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp025597e, 2002.
Nelson, A.: Co-refinement of multiple-contrast neutron/X-ray reflectivity
data using MOTOFIT, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 39, 273–276,
https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889806005073, 2006.
Nozière, B., Baduel, C., and Jaffrezo, J.-L.: The dynamic surface tension of
atmospheric aerosol surfactants reveals new aspects of cloud activation,
Nat. Commun., 5, 3335, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4335, 2014.
O'Neil, M. J. (Ed.): The Merck Index – An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs,
and Biologicals, Merck and Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA, p. 153, 2006.
Ovadnevaite, J., Zuend, A., Laaksonen, A., Sanchez, K. J., Roberts, G.,
Ceburnis, D., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Hodas, N., Facchini, M. C.,
Seinfeld, J. H., and O'Dowd, C.: Surface tension prevails over solute effect in organic-influenced cloud droplet activation, Nature, 546, 637–641,
2017.
Pfrang, C., Shiraiwa, M., and Pöschl, U.: Chemical ageing and transformation of diffusivity in semi-solid multi-component organic aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7343–7354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7343-2011, 2011.
Pfrang, C., Sebastiani, F., Lucas, C. O. M., King, M. D., Hoare, I. D.,
Chang, D., and Campbell, R. A.: Ozonolysis of methyl oleate monolayers at the
air–water interface: oxidation kinetics, reaction products and atmospheric
implications, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16, 13220–13228,
https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00775a, 2014.
Pfrang, C., Rastogi, K., Cabrera-Martinez, E. R., Seddon, A. M., Dicko, C.,
Labrador, A., Plivelic, T. S., Cowieson, N., and Squires, A. M.: Complex
three-dimensional self-assembly in proxies for atmospheric aerosols, Nat.
Commun., 8, 1724, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01918-1, 2017a.
Pfrang, C., Woden, B., Skoda, M., and Gubb, C.: More than the sum – oxidation behaviour of mixed fatty acid monolayers, STFC ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, https://doi.org/10.5286/ISIS.E.87020742, 2017b.
Pfrang, C., Skoda, M., Woden, B., and Hartmane, E.: Closer to Reality: Studies of Mixed Organic Monolayer Ozonolysis at Atmospherically Relevant Temperature and Salinity Conditions, STFC ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, https://doi.org/10.5286/ISIS.E.92919810, 2018.
Ray, A. K., Devakottai, B., Souyri, A., and Huckaby, J. L.: Evaporation
characteristics of droplets coated with immiscible layers of nonvolatile
liquids, Langmuir, 7, 525–531, https://doi.org/10.1021/la00051a019, 1991.
Rideal, E. K.: On the Influence of Thin Surface Films on the Evaporation of
Water, J. Phys. Chem., 29, 1585–1588, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150258a011, 1924.
Rudich, Y.: Laboratory perspectives on the chemical transformations of
organic matter in atmospheric particles, Chem. Rev., 103, 5097–5124,
2003.
Ruehl, C. R., Davies, J. F., and Wilson, K. R.: An interfacial mechanism for
cloud droplet formation on organic aerosols, Science, 351, 1447–1450,
2016.
Sareen, N., Schwier, A. N., Lathem, T. L., Nenes, A., and McNeill, V. F.:
Surfactants from the gas phase may promote cloud droplet formation, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 2723–2728, 2013.
Sebastiani, F., Campbell, R. A., and Pfrang, C.: Complementarity of neutron
reflectometry and ellipsometry for the study of atmospheric reactions at the
air–water interface, RSC Adv., 5, 107105–107111,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA22725A, 2015.
Sebastiani, F., Campbell, R. A., Rastogi, K., and Pfrang, C.: Nighttime oxidation of surfactants at the air–water interface: effects of chain length, head group and saturation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3249–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3249-2018, 2018.
Shrivastava, M. K., Subramanian, R., Rogge, W. F., and Robinson, A. L.:
Sources of organic aerosol: Positive matrix factorization of molecular
marker data and comparison of results from different source apportionment
models, Atmos. Environ., 41, 9353–9369,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.016, 2007.
Skoda, M. W. A., Thomas, B., Hagreen, M., Sebastiani, F., and Pfrang, C.:
Simultaneous neutron reflectometry and infrared reflection absorption
spectroscopy (IRRAS) study of mixed monolayer reactions at the air-water
interface, RSC Adv., 7, 34208–34214, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA04900E, 2017.
Smith, G. D., Woods, E., DeForest, C. L., Baer, T., and Miller, R. E.:
Reactive uptake of ozone by oleic acid aerosol particles: Application of
single-particle mass spectrometry to heterogeneous reaction kinetics, J.
Phys. Chem. A, 106, 8085–8095, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp020527t, 2002.
Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and
precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, 461, 607–613,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08281, 2009.
Tervahattu, H., Juhanoja, J., and Kupiainen, K.: Identification of an organic
coating on marine aerosol particles by TOF-SIMS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACH 18-1–ACH 18-7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001403, 2002.
Thomas, B., Maestro, A., Milsom, A., Pfrang, C., and Skoda, M.: Oxidation Kinetics of Oleic Acid in Mixed Fatty Acid Monolayers: Miscible Vs Immiscible Mixtures, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), https://doi.org/10.5291/ILL-DATA.9-10-1518, 2018.
Thornberry, T. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Heterogeneous reaction of ozone with
liquid unsaturated fatty acids: detailed kinetics and gas-phase product
studies, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 84–93, 2004.
Thornton, J. A. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: N2O5 reaction on submicron
sea salt aerosol: Kinetics, products, and the effect of surface active
organics, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 10004–10012, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp054183t,
2005.
Tomoaia-Cotisel, M. and Cadenhead, D. A.: The interaction of procaine with
stearic acid monolayers at the air/water interface, Langmuir, 7,
964–974, https://doi.org/10.1021/la00053a025, 1991.
Tuckermann, R.: Surface tension of aqueous solutions of water-soluble
organic and inorganic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6265–6275,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.051, 2007.
Voss, L. F., Bazerbashi, M. F., Beekman, C. P., Hadad, C. M., and Allen, H.
C.: Oxidation of oleic acid at air/liquid interfaces, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D06209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007677, 2007.
Warneck, P.: Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, vol. 71, 2nd edn.,
available at:
https://www.elsevier.com/books/chemistry-of-the-natural-atmosphere/warneck/978-0-12-735632-7 (last access: 6 December 2020),
1999.
Woden, B., Skoda, M. W. A., Hagreen, M., and Pfrang, C.: Night-Time Oxidation
of a Monolayer Model for the Air–Water Interface of Marine Aerosols – A
Study by Simultaneous Neutron Reflectometry and in Situ Infra-Red Reflection
Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS), Atmosphere, 9, 471,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120471, 2018.
Zahardis, J. and Petrucci, G. A.: The oleic acid-ozone heterogeneous reaction system: products, kinetics, secondary chemistry, and atmospheric implications of a model system – a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1237–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1237-2007, 2007.
Zobrist, B., Koop, T., Luo, B. P., Marcolli, C., and Peter, T.: Heterogeneous
ice nucleation rate coefficient of water droplets coated by a nonadecanol
monolayer, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 2149–2155, https://doi.org/10.1021/Jp066080w,
2007.
Short summary
Atmospheric aerosols contain a large amount of organic compounds, whose oxidation affects their physical properties through a process known as ageing. We have simulated atmospheric ageing experimentally to elucidate the nature and behaviour of residual surface films. Our results show an increasing amount of residue at near-zero temperatures, demonstrating that an inert product film may build up during droplet ageing, even if only ordinarily short-lived reactive species are initially emitted.
Atmospheric aerosols contain a large amount of organic compounds, whose oxidation affects their...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint