Articles | Volume 18, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7913-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7913-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Global soil consumption of atmospheric carbon monoxide: an analysis using a process-based biogeochemistry model
Licheng Liu
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, Planetary Sciences, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, Planetary Sciences, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Department of
Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, Planetary Sciences, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Climate
Sciences Department, Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Shaoqing Liu
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, Planetary Sciences, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
MN 55455, USA
Hella van Asperen
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of
Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
Mari Pihlatie
Department of
Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, 00014 University of Helsinki,
Finland
Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, 00014
University of Helsinki, Finland
Related authors
Licheng Liu, Shaoming Xu, Jinyun Tang, Kaiyu Guan, Timothy J. Griffis, Matthew D. Erickson, Alexander L. Frie, Xiaowei Jia, Taegon Kim, Lee T. Miller, Bin Peng, Shaowei Wu, Yufeng Yang, Wang Zhou, Vipin Kumar, and Zhenong Jin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2839–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2839-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2839-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
By incorporating the domain knowledge into a machine learning model, KGML-ag overcomes the well-known limitations of process-based models due to insufficient representations and constraints, and unlocks the “black box” of machine learning models. Therefore, KGML-ag can outperform existing approaches on capturing the hot moment and complex dynamics of N2O flux. This study will be a critical reference for the new generation of modeling paradigm for biogeochemistry and other geoscience processes.
Markku Koskinen, Jani Anttila, Valerie Vranová, Ladislav Holík, Kevin Roche, Michel Vorenhout, Mari Pihlatie, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 22, 3989–4012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3989-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3989-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Redox potential, indicative of the active pathways of organic matter decomposition, was monitored for 2 years in a boreal peatland with three drainage regimes. Contrary to expectations, the water table level and redox potential were not found to be correlated in a monotonic fashion; thus, the relationship between the water table level and redox conditions is not modellable using non-dynamic models.
Piaopiao Ke, Anna Lintunen, Pasi Kolari, Annalea Lohila, Santeri Tuovinen, Janne Lampilahti, Roseline Thakur, Maija Peltola, Otso Peräkylä, Tuomo Nieminen, Ekaterina Ezhova, Mari Pihlatie, Asta Laasonen, Markku Koskinen, Helena Rautakoski, Laura Heimsch, Tom Kokkonen, Aki Vähä, Ivan Mammarella, Steffen Noe, Jaana Bäck, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 3235–3251, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3235-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3235-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explores diverse ecosystems’ roles in climate cooling via the concept of CarbonSink+ potential. We measured CO2 uptake and local aerosol production in forests, farms, peatlands, urban gardens, and coastal areas across Finland and Estonia. The long-term data reveal that, while forests are vital with regard to CarbonSink+ potential, farms and urban gardens also play significant roles. These insights can help optimize management policy of natural resources to mitigate global warming.
Reija Kronberg, Sanna Kanerva, Markku Koskinen, Tatu Polvinen, Tuomas Mattila, and Mari Pihlatie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2801, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2801, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how off-season waterlogging affects CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and dissolved carbon dynamics in two cultivated boreal mineral soils. The study was conducted with intact soil profiles in a greenhouse. Waterlogging reduced immediate CO2 efflux, but CO2 accumulated in porewater and was released to the atmosphere upon soil drying. Cumulative emissions remained unaltered. Our results suggest that temporary waterlogging does not suppress CO2 production as much as conventionally assumed.
Débora Pinheiro-Oliveira, Hella van Asperen, Murielli Garcia Caetano, Michelle Robin, Achim Edtbauer, Nora Zannoni, Joseph Byron, Jonathan Williams, Layon Oreste Demarchi, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Jochen Schöngart, Florian Wittmann, Sergio Duvoisin-Junior, Carla Batista, Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza, and Eliane Gomes Alves
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2895, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2895, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Forests release trace gases that influence air and climate. While plants are the main source, soil and leaf litter can also release significant amounts, especially in tropical forests like the Amazon. We measured these fluxes in different forest types and found soil and litter to be active sources and sinks. This can improves climate models by including realistic forest processes, vital for understanding and protecting the Amazon.
Asta Laasonen, Alexander Buzacott, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Erik Lundin, Alexander Meire, Mari Pihlatie, and Ivan Mammarella
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2094, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2094, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important indirect greenhouse gas, but its terrestrial sinks and sources are poorly understood. We present the first CO flux measurements using the eddy covariance method in an Arctic peatland. Our results show CO fluxes are dominated by two processes: radiation driven emissions and soil uptake. Dry peatland areas acted as CO sinks, while wetter areas were CO sources. Our findings suggest current global models may underestimate Arctic CO emissions.
Marielle Saunois, Adrien Martinez, Benjamin Poulter, Zhen Zhang, Peter A. Raymond, Pierre Regnier, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Xin Lan, George H. Allen, David Bastviken, David J. Beerling, Dmitry A. Belikov, Donald R. Blake, Simona Castaldi, Monica Crippa, Bridget R. Deemer, Fraser Dennison, Giuseppe Etiope, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Meredith A. Holgerson, Peter O. Hopcroft, Gustaf Hugelius, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Rajesh Janardanan, Matthew S. Johnson, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ronny Lauerwald, Tingting Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe R. Melton, Jens Mühle, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Shufen Pan, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Judith A. Rosentreter, Motoki Sasakawa, Arjo Segers, Steven J. Smith, Emily H. Stanley, Joël Thanwerdas, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, Francesco N. Tubiello, Thomas S. Weber, Guido R. van der Werf, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Yi Xi, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1873–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). A consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists synthesise and update the budget of the sources and sinks of CH4. This edition benefits from important progress in estimating emissions from lakes and ponds, reservoirs, and streams and rivers. For the 2010s decade, global CH4 emissions are estimated at 575 Tg CH4 yr-1, including ~65 % from anthropogenic sources.
Carlos A. Sierra, Ingrid Chanca, Meinrat Andreae, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Hella van Asperen, Lars Borchardt, Santiago Botía, Luiz Antonio Candido, Caio S. C. Correa, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Junior, Markus Eritt, Annica Fröhlich, Luciana V. Gatti, Marcus Guderle, Samuel Hammer, Martin Heimann, Viviana Horna, Armin Jordan, Steffen Knabe, Richard Kneißl, Jost Valentin Lavric, Ingeborg Levin, Kita Macario, Juliana Menger, Heiko Moossen, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Michael Rothe, Christian Rödenbeck, Yago Santos, Axel Steinhof, Bruno Takeshi, Susan Trumbore, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-151, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We present here a unique dataset of atmospheric observations of greenhouse gases and isotopes that provide key information on land-atmosphere interactions for the Amazon forests of central Brazil. The data show a relatively large level of variability, but also important trends in greenhouse gases, and signals from fires as well as seasonal biological activity.
Lukas Kohl, Petri Kiuru, Marjo Palviainen, Maarit Raivonen, Markku Koskinen, Mari Pihlatie, and Annamari Laurén
Biogeosciences, 22, 1711–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1711-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1711-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present an assay to illuminate heterogeneity in biogeochemical transformations within peat samples. For this, we injected isotope-labeled acetate into peat cores and monitored the release of label-derived gases, which we compared to microtomography images. The fraction of label converted to CO2 and the rapidness of this conversion were linked to injection depth and air-filled porosity.
Ingrid Chanca, Ingeborg Levin, Susan Trumbore, Kita Macario, Jost Lavric, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Cléo Quaresma Dias Júnior, Hella van Asperen, Samuel Hammer, and Carlos A. Sierra
Biogeosciences, 22, 455–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-455-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-455-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing the net carbon (C) budget of the Amazon entails considering the magnitude and timing of C absorption and losses through respiration (transit time of C). Radiocarbon-based estimates of the transit time of C in the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) suggest a change in the transit time from 6 ± 2 years and 18 ± 4 years within 2 years (October 2019 and December 2021, respectively). This variability indicates that only a fraction of newly fixed C can be stored for decades or longer.
Zhen Zhang, Benjamin Poulter, Joe R. Melton, William J. Riley, George H. Allen, David J. Beerling, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Philippe Ciais, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Akihiko Ito, Robert B. Jackson, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Sara H. Knox, Tingting Li, Xin Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle McDonald, Gavin McNicol, Paul A. Miller, Jurek Müller, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Ryan M. Riggs, Marielle Saunois, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Xiaoming Xu, Yuanzhi Yao, Yi Xi, Wenxin Zhang, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 22, 305–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses global methane emissions from wetlands between 2000 and 2020 using multiple models. We found that wetland emissions increased by 6–7 Tg CH4 yr-1 in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Rising temperatures primarily drove this increase, while changes in precipitation and CO2 levels also played roles. Our findings highlight the importance of wetlands in the global methane budget and the need for continuous monitoring to understand their impact on climate change.
Luiz A. T. Machado, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Santiago Botía, Hella van Asperen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Achim Edtbauer, Rosaria R. Ferreira, Marco A. Franco, Hartwig Harder, Sam P. Jones, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Guido G. Haytzmann, Carlos A. Quesada, Shujiro Komiya, Jost Lavric, Jos Lelieveld, Ingeborg Levin, Anke Nölscher, Eva Pfannerstill, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Akima Ringsdorf, Luciana Rizzo, Ana M. Yáñez-Serrano, Susan Trumbore, Wanda I. D. Valenti, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Walter, Jonathan Williams, Stefan Wolff, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8893–8910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Composite analysis of gas concentration before and after rainfall, during the day and night, gives insight into the complex relationship between trace gas variability and precipitation. The analysis helps us to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases within a forest ecosystem. It elucidates processes that are not discernible under undisturbed conditions and contributes to a deeper understanding of the trace gas life cycle and its intricate interactions with cloud dynamics in the Amazon.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 21, 3183–3199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is regarded as an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit and take up CO, but, until now, uncertainty remains as to which process dominates in tropical rainforests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rainforest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rainforest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Yiming Xu, Qianlai Zhuang, Bailu Zhao, Michael Billmire, Christopher Cook, Jeremy Graham, Nancy French, and Ronald Prinn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1324, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We use a process-based model to simulate the fire impacts on soil thermal and hydrological dynamics and carbon budget of forest ecosystems in Northern Eurasia based on satellite-derived burn severity data. We find that fire severity generally increases in this region during the study period. Simulations indicate that fires increase soil temperature and water runoff. Fires lead the forest ecosystems to lose 2.3 Pg C, shifting the forests from a carbon sink to a source in this period.
Ye Yuan, Qianlai Zhuang, Bailu Zhao, and Narasinha Shurpali
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1047, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1047, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We use a biogeochemistry model to calculate the regional N2O emissions considering the effects of N2O uptake, thawing permafrost, and N deposition. Our simulations show there is an increasing trend in regional net N2O emissions from 1969 to 2019. Annual N2O emissions exhibited big spatial variabilities. Nitrogen deposition leads to a significant increase in emission. Our results suggest that in the future, the pan-Arctic terrestrial ecosystem might act as an even larger N2O.
Xiangyu Liu and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 20, 1181–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We are among the first to quantify methane emissions from inland water system in the pan-Arctic. The total CH4 emissions are 36.46 Tg CH4 yr−1 during 2000–2015, of which wetlands and lakes were 21.69 Tg yr−1 and 14.76 Tg yr−1, respectively. By using two non-overlap area change datasets with land and lake models, our simulation avoids small lakes being counted twice as both lake and wetland, and it narrows the gap between two different methods used to quantify regional CH4 emissions.
Bailu Zhao and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 20, 251–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use a process-based model to simulate the northern peatland's C dynamics in response to future climate change during 1990–2300. Northern peatlands are projected to be a C source under all climate scenarios except for the mildest one before 2100 and C sources under all scenarios afterwards.
We find northern peatlands are a C sink until pan-Arctic annual temperature reaches −2.09 to −2.89 °C. This study emphasizes the vulnerability of northern peatlands to climate change.
Licheng Liu, Shaoming Xu, Jinyun Tang, Kaiyu Guan, Timothy J. Griffis, Matthew D. Erickson, Alexander L. Frie, Xiaowei Jia, Taegon Kim, Lee T. Miller, Bin Peng, Shaowei Wu, Yufeng Yang, Wang Zhou, Vipin Kumar, and Zhenong Jin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2839–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2839-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2839-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
By incorporating the domain knowledge into a machine learning model, KGML-ag overcomes the well-known limitations of process-based models due to insufficient representations and constraints, and unlocks the “black box” of machine learning models. Therefore, KGML-ag can outperform existing approaches on capturing the hot moment and complex dynamics of N2O flux. This study will be a critical reference for the new generation of modeling paradigm for biogeochemistry and other geoscience processes.
Junrong Zha and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 18, 6245–6269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study incorporated moss into an extant biogeochemistry model to simulate the role of moss in carbon dynamics in the Arctic. The interactions between higher plants and mosses and their competition for energy, water, and nutrients are considered in our study. We found that, compared with the previous model without moss, the new model estimated a much higher carbon accumulation in the region during the last century and this century.
Lukas Kohl, Markku Koskinen, Tatu Polvinen, Salla Tenhovirta, Kaisa Rissanen, Marjo Patama, Alessandro Zanetti, and Mari Pihlatie
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4445–4460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present ShoTGa-FluMS, a measurement system designed for continuous and automated measurements of trace gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes from plant shoots. ShoTGa-FluMS uses transparent shoot enclosures equipped with cooling elements, automatically replaces fixated CO2, and removes transpired water from the enclosure, thus solving multiple technical problems that have so far prevented automated plant shoot trace gas flux measurements.
Hella van Asperen, João Rafael Alves-Oliveira, Thorsten Warneke, Bruce Forsberg, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 18, 2609–2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2609-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2609-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Termites are insects that are highly abundant in tropical ecosystems. It is known that termites emit CH4, an important greenhouse gas, but their absolute emission remains uncertain. In the Amazon rainforest, we measured CH4 emissions from termite nests and groups of termites. In addition, we tested a fast and non-destructive field method to estimate termite nest colony size. We found that termites play a significant role in an ecosystem's CH4 budget and probably emit more than currently assumed.
Elisa Vainio, Olli Peltola, Ville Kasurinen, Antti-Jussi Kieloaho, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, and Mari Pihlatie
Biogeosciences, 18, 2003–2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2003-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2003-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied forest floor methane exchange over an area of 10 ha in a boreal pine forest. The results demonstrate high spatial variability in soil moisture and consequently in the methane flux. We detected wet patches emitting high amounts of methane in the early summer; however, these patches turned to methane uptake in the autumn. We concluded that the small-scale spatial variability of the boreal forest methane flux highlights the importance of soil chamber placement in similar studies.
Junrong Zha and Qianla Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 17, 4591–4610, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4591-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4591-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study incorporated microbial dormancy into a detailed microbe-based biogeochemistry model to examine the fate of Arctic carbon budgets under changing climate conditions. Compared with the model without microbial dormancy, the new model estimated a much higher carbon accumulation in the region during the last and current century. This study highlights the importance of the representation of microbial dormancy in earth system models to adequately quantify the carbon dynamics in the Arctic.
Cited articles
Amiro, B.: AmeriFlux CA-Man Manitoba – Northern Old Black Spruce
(former BOREAS Northern Study Area) [Data set], AmeriFlux,
University of Manitoba, https://doi.org/10.17190/amf/1245997, 2016.
Badr, O. and Probert, S. D.: Carbon monoxide concentration in the Earth's
atmosphere, Appl. Energ., 49, 99–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(94)90035-3, 1994.
Bergamaschi, P., Hein, R., Heimann, M., and Crutzen, P. J.: Inverse
modeling of the global CO cycle: 1. Inversion of CO mixing ratios, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1909–1927,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900818,
2000.
Bonan, G.: A Land Surface Model (LSM Version 1.0) for Ecological,
Hydrological, and Atmospheric Studies: Technical Description and User's
Guide, UCAR/NCAR, NCAR/TN-417+STR,
https://doi.org/10.5065/d6df6p5x, 1996.
Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., Garwood, G. C., Riordan, K., Koziol, B. W., and Slawski,
J.: Development of calibration algorithms for selected water content
reflectometry probes for burned and nonburned
organic soils of Alaska, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 19, 961e975,
https://doi.org/10.1071/wf07175, 2012.
Bruhn, D., Albert, K. R., Mikkelsen, T. N., and Ambus, P.: UV-induced carbon
monoxide emission from living vegetation, Biogeosciences, 10, 7877–7882,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7877-2013, 2013.
Castellanos, P., Marufu, L. T., Doddridge, B. G., Taubman, B. F., Schwab, J.
J., Hains, J. C., and Dickerson, R. R.: Ozone, oxides of nitrogen,
and carbon monoxide during pollution events over the eastern United States:
An evaluation of emissions and vertical mixing, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 116, D16307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014540,
2011.
Chan, A. S. K. and Steudler, P. A.: Carbon monoxide uptake kinetics in
unamended and long-term nitrogen-amended temperate forest soils, FEMS
Microbiol. Ecol., 57, 343–354, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00127.x,
2006.
Conrad, R.: Biogeochemistry and ecophysiology of atmospheric
CO and H2, Adv. Microb. Ecol., 10, 231–283,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5409-3_7, 1988.
Conrad, R. and Seiler, W.: Characteristics of abiological carbon monoxide
formation from soil organic matter, humic acids, and phenolic compounds,
Environ. Sci. Technol., Am. Chem. Soc. (ACS), 19, 1165–1169,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es00142a004, 1985.
Crutzen, P. J. and Giedel, L. T.: A two-dimensional photochemical model of
the atmosphere. 2: The tropospheric budgets of anthropogenic chlorocarbons
CO, CH4, CH3Cl and the effect of various NOx sources on tropospheric
ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6641–6661, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC11p06641,
1983.
Crutzen, P. J.: Role of the tropics in atmospheric chemistry, The
Geophysiology of Amazonia Vegetation Climate Interaction (Dickinson RE,
ed.), 107–131, John Wiley, New York, 1987.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis:
configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q.
J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828,
2011.
Derendorp, L., Quist, J. B., Holzinger, R., and Röckmann, T.: Emissions
of H2 and CO from leaf litter of Sequoiadendron giganteum, and their
dependence on UV radiation and temperature, Atmos. Environ., 45,
7520–7524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.044, 2011.
Duan, Q. Y., Gupta, V. K., and Sorooshian, S.: Shuffled complex evolution
approach for effective and efficient global minimization, J.
Optim. Theor. Appl., 76, 501–521,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00939380, 1993.
Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G.,
Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando,
J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.:
Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical
Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43–67,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010.
Fisher, M. E.: Soil-atmosphere Exchange of Carbon Monoxide in Forest Stands
Exposed to Elevated and Ambient CO2, Undergraduate Honors Thesis, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, available at:
https://search.lib.unc.edu:443/search?R=UNCb4424718 (last access: 4 June 2018), 2003.
Fraser, W. T., Blei, E., Fry, S. C., Newman, M. F., Reay, D. S., Smith, K.
A., and McLeod, A. R.: Emission of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
and short-chain hydrocarbons from vegetation foliage under ultraviolet
irradiation, Plant, Cell Environ., 38, 980–989,
https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12489, 2015.
Funk, D. W., Pullman, E. R., Peterson, K. M., Crill, P. M., and Billings,
W. D.: Influence of water table on carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and
methane fluxes from Taiga Bog microcosms, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 8,
271–278, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GB01229, 1994.
Gille, J.: MOPITT Gridded Monthly CO Retrievals (Near and Thermal Infrared
Radiances) – Version 6 [Data set], NASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data
Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/TERRA/MOPITT/DATA301, 2013.
Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Lister, D. H.: Updated
high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3.10
Dataset, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 623–642, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3711,
2013.
He, H. and He, L.: The role of carbon monoxide signaling in the responses
of plants to abiotic stresses, Nitric Oxide?: Biology and Chemistry/Official
Journal of the Nitric Oxide Society, 42, 40–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2014.08.011, 2014.
Jobbagy, E. G. and Jackson, R.: The vertical Distribution of soil organic
carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation, Ecol.
Appl., 10:2(April), 423–436, https://doi.org/10.2307/2641104, 2000.
Khalil, M. A. K. and Rasmussen, R. A.: The global cycle of carbon
monoxide: Trends and mass balance, Chemosphere, 20, 227–242,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90098-E, 1990.
Khalil, M. A., Pinto, J., and Shearer, M.: Atmospheric carbon monoxide,
Chemosphere - Global Change Science, Elsevier BV,
doi:s1465-9972(99)00053-7, 1999.
King, G. M.: Characteristics and significance of atmospheric carbon monoxide
consumption by soils, Chemosphere, 1, 53–63,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00021-5, 1999a.
King, G. M.: Attributes of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Maine
Forest Soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 5257–5264, 1999b.
King, G. M.: Land use impacts on atmospheric carbon monoxide consumption by
soils, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1161–1172,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001272, 2000.
King, G. M. and Crosby, H.: Impacts of plant roots on soil CO cycling and
soil-atmosphere CO exchange, Global Change Biol., 8, 1085–1093,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00545.x, 2002.
King, G. M. and Hungria, M.: Soil-atmosphere CO exchanges and microbial
biogeochemistry of CO transformations in a Brazilian agricultural
ecosystem, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 4480–4485,
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.9.4480-4485.2002, 2002.
King, G. M. and Weber, C. F.: Distribution, diversity and ecology of
aerobic CO-oxidizing bacteria, Nature Reviews, Microbiology, 5, 107–18,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1595, 2007.
King, J. Y., Brandt, L. A., and Adair, E. C.: Shedding light on plant
litter decomposition: advances, implications and new directions in
understanding the role of photodegradation, Biogeochem., 111,
57–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9737-9, 2012.
Kuhlbusch, T. A., Zepp, R. G., Miller, W. L., and
Burke, R. A. Jr.:
Carbon monoxide fluxes of different soil layers in upland Canadian boreal
forests, Tellus B, Informa UK Limited, 50, 353–365,
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-3-00003.x, 1998
Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S.,
Vitt, F., Heald, C. L., Holland, E. A., Lauritzen, P. H., Neu, J., Orlando,
J. J., Rasch, P. J., and Tyndall, G. K.: CAM-chem: description and evaluation
of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model,
Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 369–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012, 2012.
Lee, H., Rahn, T., and Throop, H.: An accounting of C-based trace gas
release during abiotic plant litter degradation, Global Change
Biol., 18, 1185–1195, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02579.x, 2012.
Logan, J. A., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C., and McElroy, M. B.:
Tropospheric chemistry – A global perspective, J. Geophys.
Res., 86, 7210–7254, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC08p07210,
1981.
Lu, Y. and Khalil, M. A. K.: Methane and carbon monoxide in OH chemistry:
The effects of feedbacks and reservoirs generated by the reactive products,
Chemosphere. Elsevier BV, 26, 641–655, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90450-j, 1993.
Melillo, J. M., McGuire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. W., Moore, B., Vorosmarty, C.
J., and Schloss, A. L.: Global climate change and terrestrial net primary
production, Nature, 363, 234, 1993.
Moxley, J. M. and Smith, K. A.: Factors affecting utilisation of
atmospheric CO by soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30, 65–79,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00095-3, 1998.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F. M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J.,
Huang, J., and Nakajima, T.: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative
Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution
of Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Table, 8, 714, 2013.
Nakai, T., Kim, Y., Busey, R. C., Suzuki, R., Nagai, S., Kobayashi, H.,
and Ito, A.: Characteristics of evapotranspiration from a
permafrost black spruce forest in interior Alaska, Polar Sci., 7,
136–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2013.03.003, 2013.
Novick, K., Oishi, C., and Stoy, P.: AmeriFlux US-Dk3 Duke Forest – loblolly
pine [Data set], AmeriFlux; Indiana University; Montana State University,
USDA Forest Service, https://doi.org/10.17190/amf/1246048, 2016.
Philip, R. and Novick, K.: AmeriFlux US-MMS Morgan Monroe State Forest
[Data set], AmeriFlux; Indiana University, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246080, 2016.
Pihlatie, M., Rannik, Ü., Haapanala, S., Peltola, O.,
Shurpali, N., Martikainen, P. J., Lind, S., Hyvönen, N., Virkajärvi, P.,
Zahniser, M., and Mammarella, I.: Seasonal and diurnal variation in CO
fluxes from an agricultural bioenergy crop, Biogeosciences, 13,
5471–5485, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5471-2016, 2016.
Potter, C. S., Klooster, S. A., and Chatfield, R. B.: Consumption and
production of carbon monoxide in soils: A global model analysis of spatial
and seasonal variation, Chemosphere, 33, 1175–1193,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(96)00254-8, 1996.
Prather, M. and Ehhalt, D.: Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases.
Climate Change, 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y.,
Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C. A.,
239–288, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
Prather, M., Derwent, R., Ehhalt, D., Fraser, P., Sanheeza, E., and Zhou, X.:
Other trace gases and atmospheric chemistry, Climate Change, 1994, Radiative
Forcing of Climate Change, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Bruce, J.,
Hoesung Lee, B. A., Callander, E., Haites, E., Harris, N., and Maskell, K., 76–126,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
Saleska, S. R., Da Rocha, H. R., Huete, A. R., Nobre, A. D., Artaxo, P. E.,
and Shimabukuro, Y. E.: LBA-ECO CD-32 Flux Tower Network Data Compilation,
Brazilian Amazon: 1999–2006, ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center,
https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1174, 2013.
Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., and Johnson, C. E.:
Simulation of global hydrogen levels using a Lagrangian three-dimensional
model, J. Atmos. Chem., 46, 15–28,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024824223232, 2003.
Sanhueza, E., Dong, Y., Scharffe, D., Lobert, J. M., and Crutzen, P. J.:
Carbon monoxide uptake by temperate forest soils: The effects of leaves and
humus layers, Tellus, B, 50,
51–58, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.00004.x, 1998.
Schade, G. W. and Crutzen, P. J.: CO emissions from degrading plant matter
(II). Estimate of a global source strength, Tellus B, 51, 909–918,
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-4-00004.x, 1999.
Scharffe, D., Hao, W. M., Donoso, L., Crutzen, P. J., and Sanhueza, E.:
Soil fluxes and atmospheric concentration of CO and CH4 in the northern part
of the Guayana shield, Venezuela, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 95, 22475–22480, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD13p22475,
1990.
Seiler, W.: in: Environmental Biogeochemistry and
Geomicrobiology, Methods, Metals and Assessment, edited by: Krumbein, W. E., Vol. 3,
Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 773–810, 1987.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From
Air Pollution to Climate Change, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics from Air
Pollution to Climate Change Publisher New York NY Wiley 1998 Physical
Description Xxvii 1326, A WileyInterscience Publication,
ISBN0471178152, 51, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1999.10544295, 1998.
Stein, O., Schultz, M. G., Bouarar, I., Clark, H., Huijnen, V., Gaudel, A.,
George, M., and Clerbaux, C.: On the wintertime low bias of Northern
Hemisphere carbon monoxide found in global model simulations, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 14, 9295–9316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9295-2014, 2014.
Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellingsen, K., van Noije,
T. P. C., Wild, O., and Szopa, S.: Multimodel ensemble simulations
of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 111, D08301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.
Suzuki, R.: AmeriFlux US-Prr Poker Flat Research Range Black Spruce Forest
[Data set], AmeriFlux; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology,
https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246153, 2016.
Tan, Z. and Zhuang, Q.: An analysis of atmospheric CH4 concentrations from
1984 to 2008 with a single box atmospheric chemistry model, Atmos. Chem.
Phys. Discuss., 12, 30259–30282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-30259-2012,
2012.
Tarr, M. A., Miller, W. L., and Zepp, R. G.: Direct carbon monoxide
photoproduction from plant matter, J. Geophys. Res., 100,
11403, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD03324, 1995.
van Asperen, H., Warneke, T., Sabbatini, S., Nicolini, G., Papale,
D., and Notholt, J.: The role of photo- and thermal degradation for
CO2 and CO fluxes in an arid ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 12, 4161–4174, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4161-2015, 2015.
Varella, R. F., Bustamante, M. M. C., Pinto, A. S., Kisselle, K. W., Santos,
R. V., Burke, R. A., and Viana, L. T.: Soil fluxes of CO2, CO, NO,
and N2O from an old pasture and from native Savanna in Brazil, Ecol.
Appl., 14(4 SUPPL.), 221–231, https://doi.org/10.1890/01-6014, 2004.
Vreman, H. J., Wong, R. J., and Stevenson, D. K.: Quantitating carbon
monoxide production from heme by vascular plant preparations in vitro, Plant
Physiol. Biochem., 49, 61–68,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.09.021, 2011.
Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry
deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ.
(1967), Elsevier BV, 23, 1293–1304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4, 1989.
Whalen, S. C. and Reeburgh, W. S.: Carbon monoxide consumption in upland
boreal forest soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 1329–1338,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00038-4, 2001.
Yonemura, S., Kawashima, S., and Tsuruta, H.: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen,
and methane uptake by soils in a temperate arable field and a
forest, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14347,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901156, 2000.
Yoon, J. and Pozzer, A.: Model-simulated trend of surface carbon
monoxide for the 2001–2010 decade, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14,
10465–10482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10465-2014, 2014.
Zepp, R. G., Miller, W. L., Tarr, M. A., Burke, R. A., and Stocks, B. J.:
Soil-atmosphere fluxes of carbon monoxide during early stages of postfire
succession in upland Canadian boreal forests, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 102, 29301–29311, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01326, 1997.
Zhuang, Q., Romanovsky, V. E., and McGuire, A. D.: Incorporation of a
permafrost model into a large-scale ecosystem model: Evaluation of temporal
and spatial scaling issues in simulating soil thermal dynamics, J. Geophys.
Res., 106, 33649, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900151, 2001.
Zhuang, Q., McGuire, A. D., Melillo, J. M., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R. J.,
Kicklighter, D. W., and Hobbie, J. E.: Carbon cycling in
extratropical terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere during the
20th century: A modeling analysis of the influences of soil thermal
dynamics, Tellus B, 55,
751–776, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00060.x, 2003.
Zhuang, Q., Melillo, J. M., Kicklighter, D. W., Prinn, R. G., McGuire, A.
D., Steudler, P. A., and Hu, S.: Methane fluxes between
terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during
the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based
biogeochemistry model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3010,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002239, 2004.
Zhuang, Q., Melillo, J. M., McGuire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. W., Prinn, R.
G., Steudler, P. A., and Hu, S.: Net emissions of CH4 and CO2 in
Alaska: Implications for the region's greenhouse gas budget, Ecol.
Appl., 17, 203–212,
https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2007)017[0203:NEOCAC]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
Zhuang, Q., Chen, M., Xu, K., Tang, J., Saikawa, E., Lu, Y., and
McGuire, A. D.: Response of global soil consumption of atmospheric methane
to changes in atmospheric climate and nitrogen deposition, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 650–663, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20057, 2013.
Short summary
carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in atmosphere. We developed a model to quantify soil CO exchanges with the atmosphere. The simulation is conducted for various ecosystems on a global scale during the 20th and 21st centuries. We found that areas near the Equator, the eastern US, Europe and eastern Asia are the largest sinks due to optimum soil moisture and high temperature. This study will benefit the modeling of the global climate and atmospheric chemistry.
carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in atmosphere. We developed a model to quantify...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint