Articles | Volume 18, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14037-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14037-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Effects of mixing state on optical and radiative properties of black carbon in the European Arctic
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Institute for
Geosciences and Environmental Research (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen PSI, Switzerland
now at: Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Polar and
Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Paolo Laj
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Institute for
Geosciences and Environmental Research (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
Division of Atmospheric Science, Department of Physics, University of
Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National Research
Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
Martin Gysel
Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Urs Baltensperger
Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232
Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Stergios Vratolis
ERL, Demokritos National Center of Scientific Research, Institute of
Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, Attiki, Greece
Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
ERL, Demokritos National Center of Scientific Research, Institute of
Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, Attiki, Greece
Yutaka Kondo
National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa,
Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
Philippe Dubuisson
Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, Université Lille, 59 655
Lille, France
Victor Winiarek
Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, Université Lille, 59 655
Lille, France
Stelios Kazadzis
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation
Center (PMOD/WRC), 7260 Davos, Switzerland
Peter Tunved
Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University,
Stockholm, Sweden
Hans-Werner Jacobi
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Institute for
Geosciences and Environmental Research (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
Viewed
Total article views: 4,027 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 14 May 2018)
HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,532 | 1,385 | 110 | 4,027 | 366 | 95 | 111 |
- HTML: 2,532
- PDF: 1,385
- XML: 110
- Total: 4,027
- Supplement: 366
- BibTeX: 95
- EndNote: 111
Total article views: 3,258 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 04 Oct 2018)
HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,062 | 1,100 | 96 | 3,258 | 214 | 83 | 92 |
- HTML: 2,062
- PDF: 1,100
- XML: 96
- Total: 3,258
- Supplement: 214
- BibTeX: 83
- EndNote: 92
Total article views: 769 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 14 May 2018)
HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
470 | 285 | 14 | 769 | 152 | 12 | 19 |
- HTML: 470
- PDF: 285
- XML: 14
- Total: 769
- Supplement: 152
- BibTeX: 12
- EndNote: 19
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 4,027 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,033 with geography defined
and -6 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 3,258 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,246 with geography defined
and 12 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 769 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 787 with geography defined
and -18 with unknown origin.
Country | # | Views | % |
---|
Country | # | Views | % |
---|
Country | # | Views | % |
---|
Total: | 0 |
HTML: | 0 |
PDF: | 0 |
XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Total: | 0 |
HTML: | 0 |
PDF: | 0 |
XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Total: | 0 |
HTML: | 0 |
PDF: | 0 |
XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
59 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Vertical Distributions of Refractory Black Carbon over the Yellow Sea during the Spring 2020 Y. Kang et al. 10.5572/KOSAE.2021.37.5.710
- Large Circulation Patterns Strongly Modulate Long‐Term Variability of Arctic Black Carbon Levels and Areas of Origin V. Stathopoulos et al. 10.1029/2021GL092876
- Measurement report: Comparison of airborne, in situ measured, lidar-based, and modeled aerosol optical properties in the central European background – identifying sources of deviations S. Düsing et al. 10.5194/acp-21-16745-2021
- Estimates of mass absorption cross sections of black carbon for filter-based absorption photometers in the Arctic S. Ohata et al. 10.5194/amt-14-6723-2021
- Real-time dynamic measurement of scattering characteristics of optically-levitated fly ash interacting with water-soluble ammonium sulfate aerosol S. Li et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120727
- Radiative forcing bias calculation based on COSMO (Core-Shell Mie model Optimization) and AERONET data P. Tiwari et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00520-1
- Water uptake and optical properties of mixed organic-inorganic particles L. Nandy et al. 10.1080/02786826.2021.1966378
- The effect of the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown on atmospheric black carbon levels in northeastern Greenland D. Thomas et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118853
- Dynamics of gaseous oxidized mercury at Villum Research Station during the High Arctic summer J. Pernov et al. 10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021
- Mass absorption cross-section of black carbon from residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks based on real-world measurements B. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147225
- Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective H. Lappalainen et al. 10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022
- A 2-year intercomparison of three methods for measuring black carbon concentration at a high-altitude research station in Europe S. Tinorua et al. 10.5194/amt-17-3897-2024
- Source-specific light absorption by carbonaceous components in the complex aerosol matrix from yearly filter-based measurements V. Moschos et al. 10.5194/acp-21-12809-2021
- Comparison of the LEO and CPMA-SP2 techniques for black-carbon mixing-state measurements A. Naseri et al. 10.5194/amt-17-3719-2024
- Aerosol light absorption and the role of extremely low volatility organic compounds A. Tasoglou et al. 10.5194/acp-20-11625-2020
- Ambient aerosol properties in the remote atmosphere from global-scale in situ measurements C. Brock et al. 10.5194/acp-21-15023-2021
- Differing effects of escalating pollution on absorption and scattering efficiencies of aerosols: Toward co-beneficial air quality enhancement and climate protection measures Y. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117570
- Constraining the particle-scale diversity of black carbon light absorption using a unified framework P. Beeler & R. Chakrabarty 10.5194/acp-22-14825-2022
- Mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol in the South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter S. Kompalli et al. 10.5194/acp-21-9173-2021
- Size Distributions, Mixing State, and Morphology of Refractory Black Carbon in an Urban Atmosphere of Northeast Asia During Summer S. Lim et al. 10.2139/ssrn.4121032
- Absorption instruments inter-comparison campaign at the Arctic Pallas station E. Asmi et al. 10.5194/amt-14-5397-2021
- Constructing Shapes and Mixing Structures of Black Carbon Particles With Applications to Optical Calculations Y. Wang et al. 10.1029/2021JD034620
- Size distributions, mixing state, and morphology of refractory black carbon in an urban atmosphere of northeast Asia during summer S. Lim et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158436
- Photochemical Aging Induces Changes in the Effective Densities, Morphologies, and Optical Properties of Combustion Aerosol Particles J. Leskinen et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c04151
- Multi-layer distribution of Black Carbon and inorganic ions in the snowpacks of western Himalayas and snow albedo forcing R. Thakur et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118564
- Deposition of ionic species and black carbon to the Arctic snowpack: combining snow pit observations with modeling H. Jacobi et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10361-2019
- Impact of sub-grid particle formation in sulfur-rich plumes on particle mass and number concentrations over China Y. Wei et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118711
- Seasonal Variation of Wet Deposition of Black Carbon in Arctic Alaska T. Mori et al. 10.1029/2019JD032240
- Overview: Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) – concept and initial results T. Petäjä et al. 10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020
- An improved representation of aerosol mixing state for air quality–weather interactions R. Stevens et al. 10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022
- Application of machine learning approaches in the analysis of mass absorption cross-section of black carbon aerosols: Aerosol composition dependencies and sensitivity analyses A. May & H. Li 10.1080/02786826.2022.2114312
- Model evaluation of short-lived climate forcers for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme: a multi-species, multi-model study C. Whaley et al. 10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022
- Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics on the Third Pole: A primary study based on the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change (APCC) network P. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.112
- Using correlations between observed equivalent black carbon and aerosol size distribution to derive size resolved BC mass concentration: a method applied on long-term observations performed at Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard P. Tunved et al. 10.1080/16000889.2021.1933775
- Influence of Absorbing and Non-Absorbing Coating on Black Carbon Optical Properties at Different Coating Thickness M. Boudjella & A. Boudjella 10.1134/S1024856023010049
- Higher absorption enhancement of black carbon in summer shown by 2-year measurements at the high-altitude mountain site of Pic du Midi Observatory in the French Pyrenees S. Tinorua et al. 10.5194/acp-24-1801-2024
- An Exploratory Approach Using Regression and Machine Learning in the Analysis of Mass Absorption Cross Section of Black Carbon Aerosols: Model Development and Evaluation H. Li & A. May 10.3390/atmos11111185
- Organic coating on sulfate and soot particles during late summer in the Svalbard Archipelago H. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10433-2019
- Ground-based remote sensing of aerosol properties using high-resolution infrared emission and lidar observations in the High Arctic D. Ji et al. 10.5194/amt-16-1865-2023
- Airborne investigation of black carbon interaction with low-level, persistent, mixed-phase clouds in the Arctic summer M. Zanatta et al. 10.5194/acp-23-7955-2023
- Seasonal Variation of Wet Deposition of Black Carbon at Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard T. Mori et al. 10.1029/2020JD034110
- The importance of the representation of air pollution emissions for the modeled distribution and radiative effects of black carbon in the Arctic J. Schacht et al. 10.5194/acp-19-11159-2019
- Regional characteristics of fine aerosol mass increase elucidated from long-term observations and KORUS-AQ campaign at a Northeast Asian background site S. Lim et al. 10.1525/elementa.2022.00020
- Mass absorption cross section of black carbon for Aethalometer in the Arctic M. Singh et al. 10.1080/02786826.2024.2316173
- A Review of the Representation of Aerosol Mixing State in Atmospheric Models R. Stevens & A. Dastoor 10.3390/atmos10040168
- Investigating the importance of sub-grid particle formation in point source plumes over eastern China using IAP-AACM v1.0 with a sub-grid parameterization Y. Wei et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-4411-2021
- High Arctic aircraft measurements characterising black carbon vertical variability in spring and summer H. Schulz et al. 10.5194/acp-19-2361-2019
- Estimating mass-absorption cross-section of ambient black carbon aerosols: Theoretical, empirical, and machine learning models H. Li & A. May 10.1080/02786826.2022.2114311
- Accuracy of black carbon measurements by a filter-based absorption photometer with a heated inlet S. Ohata et al. 10.1080/02786826.2019.1627283
- Aerosol carbonaceous, elemental and ionic composition variability and origin at the Siberian High Arctic, Cape Baranova M. Manousakas et al. 10.1080/16000889.2020.1803708
- Variability in black carbon mass concentration in surface snow at Svalbard M. Bertò et al. 10.5194/acp-21-12479-2021
- Compositions and mixing states of aerosol particles by aircraft observations in the Arctic springtime, 2018 K. Adachi et al. 10.5194/acp-21-3607-2021
- Variability in the mass absorption cross section of black carbon (BC) aerosols is driven by BC internal mixing state at a central European background site (Melpitz, Germany) in winter J. Yuan et al. 10.5194/acp-21-635-2021
- Atmospheric concentrations of black carbon are substantially higher in spring than summer in the Arctic Z. Jurányi et al. 10.1038/s43247-023-00749-x
- Source contribution of black carbon aerosol during 2020–2022 at an urban site in Indo-Gangetic Plain A. Malik et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173039
- Significant restructuring and light absorption enhancement of black carbon particles by ammonium nitrate coating C. Yuan et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114172
- Vertical profiles of light absorption and scattering associated with black carbon particle fractions in the springtime Arctic above 79° N W. Leaitch et al. 10.5194/acp-20-10545-2020
- Impact of Biomass Burning on Arctic Aerosol Composition Y. Gramlich et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00187
- Mass absorption cross-section of flare-generated black carbon: Variability, predictive model, and implications B. Conrad & M. Johnson 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.086
58 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Vertical Distributions of Refractory Black Carbon over the Yellow Sea during the Spring 2020 Y. Kang et al. 10.5572/KOSAE.2021.37.5.710
- Large Circulation Patterns Strongly Modulate Long‐Term Variability of Arctic Black Carbon Levels and Areas of Origin V. Stathopoulos et al. 10.1029/2021GL092876
- Measurement report: Comparison of airborne, in situ measured, lidar-based, and modeled aerosol optical properties in the central European background – identifying sources of deviations S. Düsing et al. 10.5194/acp-21-16745-2021
- Estimates of mass absorption cross sections of black carbon for filter-based absorption photometers in the Arctic S. Ohata et al. 10.5194/amt-14-6723-2021
- Real-time dynamic measurement of scattering characteristics of optically-levitated fly ash interacting with water-soluble ammonium sulfate aerosol S. Li et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120727
- Radiative forcing bias calculation based on COSMO (Core-Shell Mie model Optimization) and AERONET data P. Tiwari et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00520-1
- Water uptake and optical properties of mixed organic-inorganic particles L. Nandy et al. 10.1080/02786826.2021.1966378
- The effect of the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown on atmospheric black carbon levels in northeastern Greenland D. Thomas et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118853
- Dynamics of gaseous oxidized mercury at Villum Research Station during the High Arctic summer J. Pernov et al. 10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021
- Mass absorption cross-section of black carbon from residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks based on real-world measurements B. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147225
- Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective H. Lappalainen et al. 10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022
- A 2-year intercomparison of three methods for measuring black carbon concentration at a high-altitude research station in Europe S. Tinorua et al. 10.5194/amt-17-3897-2024
- Source-specific light absorption by carbonaceous components in the complex aerosol matrix from yearly filter-based measurements V. Moschos et al. 10.5194/acp-21-12809-2021
- Comparison of the LEO and CPMA-SP2 techniques for black-carbon mixing-state measurements A. Naseri et al. 10.5194/amt-17-3719-2024
- Aerosol light absorption and the role of extremely low volatility organic compounds A. Tasoglou et al. 10.5194/acp-20-11625-2020
- Ambient aerosol properties in the remote atmosphere from global-scale in situ measurements C. Brock et al. 10.5194/acp-21-15023-2021
- Differing effects of escalating pollution on absorption and scattering efficiencies of aerosols: Toward co-beneficial air quality enhancement and climate protection measures Y. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117570
- Constraining the particle-scale diversity of black carbon light absorption using a unified framework P. Beeler & R. Chakrabarty 10.5194/acp-22-14825-2022
- Mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol in the South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter S. Kompalli et al. 10.5194/acp-21-9173-2021
- Size Distributions, Mixing State, and Morphology of Refractory Black Carbon in an Urban Atmosphere of Northeast Asia During Summer S. Lim et al. 10.2139/ssrn.4121032
- Absorption instruments inter-comparison campaign at the Arctic Pallas station E. Asmi et al. 10.5194/amt-14-5397-2021
- Constructing Shapes and Mixing Structures of Black Carbon Particles With Applications to Optical Calculations Y. Wang et al. 10.1029/2021JD034620
- Size distributions, mixing state, and morphology of refractory black carbon in an urban atmosphere of northeast Asia during summer S. Lim et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158436
- Photochemical Aging Induces Changes in the Effective Densities, Morphologies, and Optical Properties of Combustion Aerosol Particles J. Leskinen et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c04151
- Multi-layer distribution of Black Carbon and inorganic ions in the snowpacks of western Himalayas and snow albedo forcing R. Thakur et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118564
- Deposition of ionic species and black carbon to the Arctic snowpack: combining snow pit observations with modeling H. Jacobi et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10361-2019
- Impact of sub-grid particle formation in sulfur-rich plumes on particle mass and number concentrations over China Y. Wei et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118711
- Seasonal Variation of Wet Deposition of Black Carbon in Arctic Alaska T. Mori et al. 10.1029/2019JD032240
- Overview: Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) – concept and initial results T. Petäjä et al. 10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020
- An improved representation of aerosol mixing state for air quality–weather interactions R. Stevens et al. 10.5194/acp-22-13527-2022
- Application of machine learning approaches in the analysis of mass absorption cross-section of black carbon aerosols: Aerosol composition dependencies and sensitivity analyses A. May & H. Li 10.1080/02786826.2022.2114312
- Model evaluation of short-lived climate forcers for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme: a multi-species, multi-model study C. Whaley et al. 10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022
- Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics on the Third Pole: A primary study based on the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change (APCC) network P. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.112
- Using correlations between observed equivalent black carbon and aerosol size distribution to derive size resolved BC mass concentration: a method applied on long-term observations performed at Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard P. Tunved et al. 10.1080/16000889.2021.1933775
- Influence of Absorbing and Non-Absorbing Coating on Black Carbon Optical Properties at Different Coating Thickness M. Boudjella & A. Boudjella 10.1134/S1024856023010049
- Higher absorption enhancement of black carbon in summer shown by 2-year measurements at the high-altitude mountain site of Pic du Midi Observatory in the French Pyrenees S. Tinorua et al. 10.5194/acp-24-1801-2024
- An Exploratory Approach Using Regression and Machine Learning in the Analysis of Mass Absorption Cross Section of Black Carbon Aerosols: Model Development and Evaluation H. Li & A. May 10.3390/atmos11111185
- Organic coating on sulfate and soot particles during late summer in the Svalbard Archipelago H. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10433-2019
- Ground-based remote sensing of aerosol properties using high-resolution infrared emission and lidar observations in the High Arctic D. Ji et al. 10.5194/amt-16-1865-2023
- Airborne investigation of black carbon interaction with low-level, persistent, mixed-phase clouds in the Arctic summer M. Zanatta et al. 10.5194/acp-23-7955-2023
- Seasonal Variation of Wet Deposition of Black Carbon at Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard T. Mori et al. 10.1029/2020JD034110
- The importance of the representation of air pollution emissions for the modeled distribution and radiative effects of black carbon in the Arctic J. Schacht et al. 10.5194/acp-19-11159-2019
- Regional characteristics of fine aerosol mass increase elucidated from long-term observations and KORUS-AQ campaign at a Northeast Asian background site S. Lim et al. 10.1525/elementa.2022.00020
- Mass absorption cross section of black carbon for Aethalometer in the Arctic M. Singh et al. 10.1080/02786826.2024.2316173
- A Review of the Representation of Aerosol Mixing State in Atmospheric Models R. Stevens & A. Dastoor 10.3390/atmos10040168
- Investigating the importance of sub-grid particle formation in point source plumes over eastern China using IAP-AACM v1.0 with a sub-grid parameterization Y. Wei et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-4411-2021
- High Arctic aircraft measurements characterising black carbon vertical variability in spring and summer H. Schulz et al. 10.5194/acp-19-2361-2019
- Estimating mass-absorption cross-section of ambient black carbon aerosols: Theoretical, empirical, and machine learning models H. Li & A. May 10.1080/02786826.2022.2114311
- Accuracy of black carbon measurements by a filter-based absorption photometer with a heated inlet S. Ohata et al. 10.1080/02786826.2019.1627283
- Aerosol carbonaceous, elemental and ionic composition variability and origin at the Siberian High Arctic, Cape Baranova M. Manousakas et al. 10.1080/16000889.2020.1803708
- Variability in black carbon mass concentration in surface snow at Svalbard M. Bertò et al. 10.5194/acp-21-12479-2021
- Compositions and mixing states of aerosol particles by aircraft observations in the Arctic springtime, 2018 K. Adachi et al. 10.5194/acp-21-3607-2021
- Variability in the mass absorption cross section of black carbon (BC) aerosols is driven by BC internal mixing state at a central European background site (Melpitz, Germany) in winter J. Yuan et al. 10.5194/acp-21-635-2021
- Atmospheric concentrations of black carbon are substantially higher in spring than summer in the Arctic Z. Jurányi et al. 10.1038/s43247-023-00749-x
- Source contribution of black carbon aerosol during 2020–2022 at an urban site in Indo-Gangetic Plain A. Malik et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173039
- Significant restructuring and light absorption enhancement of black carbon particles by ammonium nitrate coating C. Yuan et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114172
- Vertical profiles of light absorption and scattering associated with black carbon particle fractions in the springtime Arctic above 79° N W. Leaitch et al. 10.5194/acp-20-10545-2020
- Impact of Biomass Burning on Arctic Aerosol Composition Y. Gramlich et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00187
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 20 Nov 2024
Short summary
The research community aims to quantify the actual contribution of soot particles to the recent Arctic warming. We discovered that mixing of soot with other components might enhance its light absorption power by 50 %. The neglection of such amplification might lead to the underestimation of radiative forcing by 0.12 W m−2. Thus a better understanding of the optical properties of soot is a crucial step for an accurate quantification of the radiative impact of soot in the Arctic atmosphere.
The research community aims to quantify the actual contribution of soot particles to the recent...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint