Articles | Volume 18, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1325-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1325-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Feb 2018
Research article |
| 01 Feb 2018
Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas of Nepal: spatial variation, sources, temporal trends, and long-range transport potential
Balram Pokhrel
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Ping Gong
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
Sanjay Nath Khanal
Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Jiao Ren
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
Chuanfei Wang
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Shaopeng Gao
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Tandong Yao
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Cited
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Simulating the impact of volatilization on atmospheric concentrations of pesticides with the 3D chemistry-transport model CHIMERE: Method development and application to S-metolachlor and folpet F. Couvidat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127497
- Trophic transfer of heavy metals along a pollution gradient in a terrestrial agro-industrial food web M. Soliman et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115748
- Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from a greenhouse area on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey: Distribution, air-soil exchange, enantiomeric signature, and source implications E. Can-Güven et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101263
- Soil microbial communities and reactive oxygen species reshape MAOC-driven PAH accumulation under seasonal trade-offs between forest filtering and cold trapping W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142504
- Light absorption of brown carbon and nitrated phenols in aerosols in a city of South Asia: From sources to atmosphere J. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105666
- Changes in Urban Gas-Phase Persistent Organic Pollutants During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Barcelona R. Prats et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.650539
- Air Monitoring of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Eastern Siberia: Levels, Temporal Trends, and Risk Assessment E. Mamontova & A. Mamontov https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121971
- Occurrence of Unapproved Pesticides and their Ecotoxicological Significance for an Agriculturally Influenced Reservoir and its Tributaries in Nepal S. Acharya et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06570-8
- Transboundary transport of organophosphate esters from Nepal to the Tibetan Plateau: Sources, distribution, and monsoon-driven pathways Y. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141298
- Spatial distribution patterns and human exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nepal using tree bark as a passive air sampler X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109510
- Determination of fluxes and mass transfer coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) A. Sakın & Y. Tasdemir https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.006
- Transport of phthalates from Nepal to the southern Himalayas: Distribution, source analysis and environmental risk Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127827
- Occurrence, Origin, Ecological and Human Health Risks of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils from Selected Urban, Suburban and Rural Storm Water Reservoirs O. Emoyan et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2021.1913993
- Seasonal variation and source analysis of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere over the western Tibetan Plateau J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2221-x
- Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the South China Sea: Implications for atmospheric transport under monsoon influences H. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114982
- High spatial resolution measurements of passive-sampler derived air concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in the Campania region, Italy: Implications for source identification and risk analysis C. Qu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117248
- Assessment of organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of South Korea: spatial distribution, seasonal variation, and sources M. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10335-x
- Distribution of agricultural pesticides in the freshwater environment of the Guayas river basin (Ecuador) A. Deknock et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.185
- Surfactant-enhanced mobilization of persistent organic pollutants: Potential for soil and sediment remediation and unintended consequences S. Bolan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130189
- Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals F. Wania & C. Shunthirasingham https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00194E
- Polyurethane foam disk passive sampler derived air concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in an agricultural region with hot climate E. Can-Güven et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.08.004
- Trans-Himalayan Transport of Organochlorine Compounds: Three-Year Observations and Model-Based Flux Estimation P. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01223
- Recent Progress on Toxicity and Detection Methods of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Environment and Foodstuffs J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2021.1997570
- Source apportionment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil from the Gyirong Valley in the Himalayas Q. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126066
- Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population B. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0112-1
- Exposure to pesticides, persistent and non − persistent pollutants in French 3.5-year-old children: Findings from comprehensive hair analysis in the ELFE national birth cohort L. Macheka et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108881
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Simulating the impact of volatilization on atmospheric concentrations of pesticides with the 3D chemistry-transport model CHIMERE: Method development and application to S-metolachlor and folpet F. Couvidat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127497
- Trophic transfer of heavy metals along a pollution gradient in a terrestrial agro-industrial food web M. Soliman et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115748
- Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from a greenhouse area on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey: Distribution, air-soil exchange, enantiomeric signature, and source implications E. Can-Güven et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101263
- Soil microbial communities and reactive oxygen species reshape MAOC-driven PAH accumulation under seasonal trade-offs between forest filtering and cold trapping W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142504
- Light absorption of brown carbon and nitrated phenols in aerosols in a city of South Asia: From sources to atmosphere J. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105666
- Changes in Urban Gas-Phase Persistent Organic Pollutants During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Barcelona R. Prats et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.650539
- Air Monitoring of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Eastern Siberia: Levels, Temporal Trends, and Risk Assessment E. Mamontova & A. Mamontov https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121971
- Occurrence of Unapproved Pesticides and their Ecotoxicological Significance for an Agriculturally Influenced Reservoir and its Tributaries in Nepal S. Acharya et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06570-8
- Transboundary transport of organophosphate esters from Nepal to the Tibetan Plateau: Sources, distribution, and monsoon-driven pathways Y. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141298
- Spatial distribution patterns and human exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nepal using tree bark as a passive air sampler X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109510
- Determination of fluxes and mass transfer coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) A. Sakın & Y. Tasdemir https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.006
- Transport of phthalates from Nepal to the southern Himalayas: Distribution, source analysis and environmental risk Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127827
- Occurrence, Origin, Ecological and Human Health Risks of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils from Selected Urban, Suburban and Rural Storm Water Reservoirs O. Emoyan et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2021.1913993
- Seasonal variation and source analysis of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere over the western Tibetan Plateau J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2221-x
- Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the South China Sea: Implications for atmospheric transport under monsoon influences H. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114982
- High spatial resolution measurements of passive-sampler derived air concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in the Campania region, Italy: Implications for source identification and risk analysis C. Qu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117248
- Assessment of organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of South Korea: spatial distribution, seasonal variation, and sources M. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10335-x
- Distribution of agricultural pesticides in the freshwater environment of the Guayas river basin (Ecuador) A. Deknock et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.185
- Surfactant-enhanced mobilization of persistent organic pollutants: Potential for soil and sediment remediation and unintended consequences S. Bolan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130189
- Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals F. Wania & C. Shunthirasingham https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00194E
- Polyurethane foam disk passive sampler derived air concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in an agricultural region with hot climate E. Can-Güven et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.08.004
- Trans-Himalayan Transport of Organochlorine Compounds: Three-Year Observations and Model-Based Flux Estimation P. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01223
- Recent Progress on Toxicity and Detection Methods of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Environment and Foodstuffs J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2021.1997570
- Source apportionment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil from the Gyirong Valley in the Himalayas Q. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126066
- Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population B. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0112-1
- Exposure to pesticides, persistent and non − persistent pollutants in French 3.5-year-old children: Findings from comprehensive hair analysis in the ELFE national birth cohort L. Macheka et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108881
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Jul 2026
Short summary
As Nepal is a tropical country close to the Himalayas, it is essential to investigate concentration levels and long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in its cities to assess whether these pollutants can contaminate the high Himalaya. We found high concentration and long travel distance (> 1000 km) of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexane in the atmosphere of Nepalese cities, suggesting Nepal can be an important regional source region for POPs.
As Nepal is a tropical country close to the Himalayas, it is essential to investigate...
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