Articles | Volume 17, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10583-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10583-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Sep 2017
Research article |
| 08 Sep 2017
Ice-nucleating particles in Canadian Arctic sea-surface microlayer and bulk seawater
Victoria E. Irish
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main
Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
Pablo Elizondo
Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main
Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
Jessie Chen
Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main
Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
Cédric Chou
Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main
Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
Joannie Charette
Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du
Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski,
Québec, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
Martine Lizotte
Département de biologie, Québec-Océan, Université
Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
Luis A. Ladino
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street,
Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
now at: Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria,
Mexico City, Mexico
Theodore W. Wilson
Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and
Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2
9JT, UK
Michel Gosselin
Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du
Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski,
Québec, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
Benjamin J. Murray
Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and
Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2
9JT, UK
Elena Polishchuk
Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main
Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street,
Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
Lisa A. Miller
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC
V8L 4B2, Canada
Allan K. Bertram
Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main
Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Cited
69 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes A. Einbock et al. 10.1098/rsos.220878
- Revisiting properties and concentrations of ice-nucleating particles in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic during summer V. Irish et al. 10.5194/acp-19-7775-2019
- Measurement report: Ice nucleating abilities of biomass burning, African dust, and sea spray aerosol particles over the Yucatán Peninsula F. Córdoba et al. 10.5194/acp-21-4453-2021
- Next-generation ice-nucleating particle sampling on board aircraft: characterization of the High-volume flow aERosol particle filter sAmpler (HERA) S. Grawe et al. 10.5194/amt-16-4551-2023
- Production of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) by fast-growing phytoplankton D. Thornton et al. 10.5194/acp-23-12707-2023
- Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic J. Abbatt et al. 10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019
- The Arctic Cloud Puzzle: Using ACLOUD/PASCAL Multiplatform Observations to Unravel the Role of Clouds and Aerosol Particles in Arctic Amplification M. Wendisch et al. 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0072.1
- Ice nucleating particles in the marine boundary layer in the Canadian Arctic during summer 2014 V. Irish et al. 10.5194/acp-19-1027-2019
- Role of Sea Surface Microlayer Properties in Cloud Formation B. Hendrickson et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.596225
- A Mesocosm Double Feature: Insights into the Chemical Makeup of Marine Ice Nucleating Particles C. McCluskey et al. 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0155.1
- Micro-spectroscopic and freezing characterization of ice-nucleating particles collected in the marine boundary layer in the eastern North Atlantic D. Knopf et al. 10.5194/acp-22-5377-2022
- Ocean flux of salt, sulfate, and organic components to atmospheric aerosol L. Russell et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104364
- The ice-nucleating activity of Arctic sea surface microlayer samples and marine algal cultures L. Ickes et al. 10.5194/acp-20-11089-2020
- Effects of Inorganic Acids and Organic Solutes on the Ice Nucleating Ability and Surface Properties of Potassium-Rich Feldspar J. Yun et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00034
- Process Drivers, Inter-Model Spread, and the Path Forward: A Review of Amplified Arctic Warming P. Taylor et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.758361
- Ice Nucleating Activity and Residual Particle Morphology of Bulk Seawater and Sea Surface Microlayer P. Roy et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00175
- Strong Ocean/Sea‐Ice Contrasts Observed in Satellite‐Derived Ice Crystal Number Concentrations in Arctic Ice Boundary‐Layer Clouds I. Papakonstantinou‐Presvelou et al. 10.1029/2022GL098207
- Development of the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ): validation and application to field-collected snow samples R. David et al. 10.5194/amt-12-6865-2019
- Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Ability of NaCl and Sea Salt Aerosol Particles at Cirrus Temperatures R. Wagner et al. 10.1002/2017JD027864
- Glucose as a Potential Chemical Marker for Ice Nucleating Activity in Arctic Seawater and Melt Pond Samples S. Zeppenfeld et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b01469
- Resolving the controls over the production and emission of ice-nucleating particles in sea spray T. Hill et al. 10.1039/D2EA00154C
- Physicochemical characterization and source apportionment of Arctic ice-nucleating particles observed in Ny-Ålesund in autumn 2019 G. Li et al. 10.5194/acp-23-10489-2023
- Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation M. Adams et al. 10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021
- Highly Active Ice‐Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole G. Porter et al. 10.1029/2021JD036059
- Ocean Aerobiology A. Alsante et al. 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764178
- HOVERCAT: a novel aerial system for evaluation of aerosol–cloud interactions J. Creamean et al. 10.5194/amt-11-3969-2018
- Observations of Ice Nucleating Particles Over Southern Ocean Waters C. McCluskey et al. 10.1029/2018GL079981
- Ice nucleating particles in the Canadian High Arctic during the fall of 2018 J. Yun et al. 10.1039/D1EA00068C
- Optical Modeling of Sea Salt Aerosols Using in situ Measured Size Distributions and the Impact of Larger Size Particles W. Lin & L. Bi 10.1007/s00376-024-3351-3
- Lignin's ability to nucleate ice via immersion freezing and its stability towards physicochemical treatments and atmospheric processing S. Bogler & N. Borduas-Dedekind 10.5194/acp-20-14509-2020
- Predicting atmospheric background number concentration of ice-nucleating particles in the Arctic G. Li et al. 10.5194/acp-22-14441-2022
- Ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles and possible sources at three coastal marine sites M. Si et al. 10.5194/acp-18-15669-2018
- Terrestrial or marine – indications towards the origin of ice-nucleating particles during melt season in the European Arctic up to 83.7° N M. Hartmann et al. 10.5194/acp-21-11613-2021
- Ice-nucleating particles active below −24 °C in a Finnish boreal forest and their relationship to bioaerosols F. Vogel et al. 10.5194/acp-24-11737-2024
- Ice Nucleating Particles Carried From Below a Phytoplankton Bloom to the Arctic Atmosphere J. Creamean et al. 10.1029/2019GL083039
- Ice-nucleating particles in a coastal tropical site L. Ladino et al. 10.5194/acp-19-6147-2019
- Characterization of aerosol particles at Cabo Verde close to sea level and at the cloud level – Part 2: Ice-nucleating particles in air, cloud and seawater X. Gong et al. 10.5194/acp-20-1451-2020
- Concentrations and properties of ice nucleating substances in exudates from Antarctic sea-ice diatoms Y. Xi et al. 10.1039/D0EM00398K
- A link between the ice nucleation activity and the biogeochemistry of seawater M. Wolf et al. 10.5194/acp-20-15341-2020
- Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol M. Willis et al. 10.1029/2018RG000602
- Wintertime Airborne Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles in the High Arctic: A Hint to a Marine, Biogenic Source for Ice Nucleating Particles M. Hartmann et al. 10.1029/2020GL087770
- Bioaerosol field measurements: Challenges and perspectives in outdoor studies T. Šantl-Temkiv et al. 10.1080/02786826.2019.1676395
- The effect of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice-nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance S. Worthy et al. 10.5194/acp-21-14631-2021
- Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs S. Burrows et al. 10.1029/2021RG000745
- Ice nucleating abilities of deep waters from the Mexican Pacific ocean M. Fernanda Córdoba et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119887
- Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates L. Eickhoff et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1-2023
- Ice Nucleation by Marine Aerosols Over the North Atlantic Ocean in Late Spring E. Wilbourn et al. 10.1029/2019JD030913
- An evaluation of the heat test for the ice-nucleating ability of minerals and biological material M. Daily et al. 10.5194/amt-15-2635-2022
- Heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of aerosol particles generated from Arctic sea surface microlayer and surface seawater samples at cirrus temperatures R. Wagner et al. 10.5194/acp-21-13903-2021
- Marine viruses disperse bidirectionally along the natural water cycle J. Rahlff et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-42125-5
- Importance of Supermicron Ice Nucleating Particles in Nascent Sea Spray B. Mitts et al. 10.1029/2020GL089633
- Spatial and temporal variability in the ice-nucleating ability of alpine snowmelt and extension to frozen cloud fraction K. Brennan et al. 10.5194/acp-20-163-2020
- A numerical framework for simulating the atmospheric variability of supermicron marine biogenic ice nucleating particles I. Steinke et al. 10.5194/acp-22-847-2022
- Air mass history linked to the development of Arctic mixed-phase clouds R. Murray-Watson & E. Gryspeerdt 10.5194/acp-24-11115-2024
- Overview of biological ice nucleating particles in the atmosphere S. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106197
- Aircraft ice-nucleating particle and aerosol composition measurements in the western North American Arctic A. Sanchez-Marroquin et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13819-2023
- Wintertime Arctic Sea Spray Aerosol Composition Controlled by Sea Ice Lead Microbiology R. Kirpes et al. 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541
- Surface Composition Dependence on the Ice Nucleating Ability of Potassium-Rich Feldspar J. Yun et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00077
- Marine and terrestrial influences on ice nucleating particles during continuous springtime measurements in an Arctic oilfield location J. Creamean et al. 10.5194/acp-18-18023-2018
- Cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating bacteria and fungi in coastal precipitation C. Beall et al. 10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021
- Characteristics and sources of fluorescent aerosols in the central Arctic Ocean I. Beck et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00125
- Factors controlling marine aerosol size distributions and their climate effects over the northwest Atlantic Ocean region B. Croft et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1889-2021
- Biogenic Sources of Ice Nucleating Particles at the High Arctic Site Villum Research Station T. Šantl-Temkiv et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b00991
- A two-component parameterization of marine ice-nucleating particles based on seawater biology and sea spray aerosol measurements in the Mediterranean Sea J. Trueblood et al. 10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021
- Ice-nucleating particles in northern Greenland: annual cycles, biological contribution and parameterizations K. Sze et al. 10.5194/acp-23-4741-2023
- Ice nucleating properties of airborne dust from an actively retreating glacier in Yukon, Canada Y. Xi et al. 10.1039/D1EA00101A
- Annual variability of ice-nucleating particle concentrations at different Arctic locations H. Wex et al. 10.5194/acp-19-5293-2019
- Opinion: Cloud-phase climate feedback and the importance of ice-nucleating particles B. Murray et al. 10.5194/acp-21-665-2021
- Assessment of Artificial and Natural Transport Mechanisms of Ice Nucleating Particles in an Alpine Ski Resort in Obergurgl, Austria P. Baloh et al. 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02278
69 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes A. Einbock et al. 10.1098/rsos.220878
- Revisiting properties and concentrations of ice-nucleating particles in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic during summer V. Irish et al. 10.5194/acp-19-7775-2019
- Measurement report: Ice nucleating abilities of biomass burning, African dust, and sea spray aerosol particles over the Yucatán Peninsula F. Córdoba et al. 10.5194/acp-21-4453-2021
- Next-generation ice-nucleating particle sampling on board aircraft: characterization of the High-volume flow aERosol particle filter sAmpler (HERA) S. Grawe et al. 10.5194/amt-16-4551-2023
- Production of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) by fast-growing phytoplankton D. Thornton et al. 10.5194/acp-23-12707-2023
- Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic J. Abbatt et al. 10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019
- The Arctic Cloud Puzzle: Using ACLOUD/PASCAL Multiplatform Observations to Unravel the Role of Clouds and Aerosol Particles in Arctic Amplification M. Wendisch et al. 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0072.1
- Ice nucleating particles in the marine boundary layer in the Canadian Arctic during summer 2014 V. Irish et al. 10.5194/acp-19-1027-2019
- Role of Sea Surface Microlayer Properties in Cloud Formation B. Hendrickson et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.596225
- A Mesocosm Double Feature: Insights into the Chemical Makeup of Marine Ice Nucleating Particles C. McCluskey et al. 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0155.1
- Micro-spectroscopic and freezing characterization of ice-nucleating particles collected in the marine boundary layer in the eastern North Atlantic D. Knopf et al. 10.5194/acp-22-5377-2022
- Ocean flux of salt, sulfate, and organic components to atmospheric aerosol L. Russell et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104364
- The ice-nucleating activity of Arctic sea surface microlayer samples and marine algal cultures L. Ickes et al. 10.5194/acp-20-11089-2020
- Effects of Inorganic Acids and Organic Solutes on the Ice Nucleating Ability and Surface Properties of Potassium-Rich Feldspar J. Yun et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00034
- Process Drivers, Inter-Model Spread, and the Path Forward: A Review of Amplified Arctic Warming P. Taylor et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.758361
- Ice Nucleating Activity and Residual Particle Morphology of Bulk Seawater and Sea Surface Microlayer P. Roy et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00175
- Strong Ocean/Sea‐Ice Contrasts Observed in Satellite‐Derived Ice Crystal Number Concentrations in Arctic Ice Boundary‐Layer Clouds I. Papakonstantinou‐Presvelou et al. 10.1029/2022GL098207
- Development of the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ): validation and application to field-collected snow samples R. David et al. 10.5194/amt-12-6865-2019
- Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Ability of NaCl and Sea Salt Aerosol Particles at Cirrus Temperatures R. Wagner et al. 10.1002/2017JD027864
- Glucose as a Potential Chemical Marker for Ice Nucleating Activity in Arctic Seawater and Melt Pond Samples S. Zeppenfeld et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b01469
- Resolving the controls over the production and emission of ice-nucleating particles in sea spray T. Hill et al. 10.1039/D2EA00154C
- Physicochemical characterization and source apportionment of Arctic ice-nucleating particles observed in Ny-Ålesund in autumn 2019 G. Li et al. 10.5194/acp-23-10489-2023
- Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation M. Adams et al. 10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021
- Highly Active Ice‐Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole G. Porter et al. 10.1029/2021JD036059
- Ocean Aerobiology A. Alsante et al. 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764178
- HOVERCAT: a novel aerial system for evaluation of aerosol–cloud interactions J. Creamean et al. 10.5194/amt-11-3969-2018
- Observations of Ice Nucleating Particles Over Southern Ocean Waters C. McCluskey et al. 10.1029/2018GL079981
- Ice nucleating particles in the Canadian High Arctic during the fall of 2018 J. Yun et al. 10.1039/D1EA00068C
- Optical Modeling of Sea Salt Aerosols Using in situ Measured Size Distributions and the Impact of Larger Size Particles W. Lin & L. Bi 10.1007/s00376-024-3351-3
- Lignin's ability to nucleate ice via immersion freezing and its stability towards physicochemical treatments and atmospheric processing S. Bogler & N. Borduas-Dedekind 10.5194/acp-20-14509-2020
- Predicting atmospheric background number concentration of ice-nucleating particles in the Arctic G. Li et al. 10.5194/acp-22-14441-2022
- Ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles and possible sources at three coastal marine sites M. Si et al. 10.5194/acp-18-15669-2018
- Terrestrial or marine – indications towards the origin of ice-nucleating particles during melt season in the European Arctic up to 83.7° N M. Hartmann et al. 10.5194/acp-21-11613-2021
- Ice-nucleating particles active below −24 °C in a Finnish boreal forest and their relationship to bioaerosols F. Vogel et al. 10.5194/acp-24-11737-2024
- Ice Nucleating Particles Carried From Below a Phytoplankton Bloom to the Arctic Atmosphere J. Creamean et al. 10.1029/2019GL083039
- Ice-nucleating particles in a coastal tropical site L. Ladino et al. 10.5194/acp-19-6147-2019
- Characterization of aerosol particles at Cabo Verde close to sea level and at the cloud level – Part 2: Ice-nucleating particles in air, cloud and seawater X. Gong et al. 10.5194/acp-20-1451-2020
- Concentrations and properties of ice nucleating substances in exudates from Antarctic sea-ice diatoms Y. Xi et al. 10.1039/D0EM00398K
- A link between the ice nucleation activity and the biogeochemistry of seawater M. Wolf et al. 10.5194/acp-20-15341-2020
- Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol M. Willis et al. 10.1029/2018RG000602
- Wintertime Airborne Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles in the High Arctic: A Hint to a Marine, Biogenic Source for Ice Nucleating Particles M. Hartmann et al. 10.1029/2020GL087770
- Bioaerosol field measurements: Challenges and perspectives in outdoor studies T. Šantl-Temkiv et al. 10.1080/02786826.2019.1676395
- The effect of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice-nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance S. Worthy et al. 10.5194/acp-21-14631-2021
- Ice‐Nucleating Particles That Impact Clouds and Climate: Observational and Modeling Research Needs S. Burrows et al. 10.1029/2021RG000745
- Ice nucleating abilities of deep waters from the Mexican Pacific ocean M. Fernanda Córdoba et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119887
- Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates L. Eickhoff et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1-2023
- Ice Nucleation by Marine Aerosols Over the North Atlantic Ocean in Late Spring E. Wilbourn et al. 10.1029/2019JD030913
- An evaluation of the heat test for the ice-nucleating ability of minerals and biological material M. Daily et al. 10.5194/amt-15-2635-2022
- Heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of aerosol particles generated from Arctic sea surface microlayer and surface seawater samples at cirrus temperatures R. Wagner et al. 10.5194/acp-21-13903-2021
- Marine viruses disperse bidirectionally along the natural water cycle J. Rahlff et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-42125-5
- Importance of Supermicron Ice Nucleating Particles in Nascent Sea Spray B. Mitts et al. 10.1029/2020GL089633
- Spatial and temporal variability in the ice-nucleating ability of alpine snowmelt and extension to frozen cloud fraction K. Brennan et al. 10.5194/acp-20-163-2020
- A numerical framework for simulating the atmospheric variability of supermicron marine biogenic ice nucleating particles I. Steinke et al. 10.5194/acp-22-847-2022
- Air mass history linked to the development of Arctic mixed-phase clouds R. Murray-Watson & E. Gryspeerdt 10.5194/acp-24-11115-2024
- Overview of biological ice nucleating particles in the atmosphere S. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106197
- Aircraft ice-nucleating particle and aerosol composition measurements in the western North American Arctic A. Sanchez-Marroquin et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13819-2023
- Wintertime Arctic Sea Spray Aerosol Composition Controlled by Sea Ice Lead Microbiology R. Kirpes et al. 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541
- Surface Composition Dependence on the Ice Nucleating Ability of Potassium-Rich Feldspar J. Yun et al. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00077
- Marine and terrestrial influences on ice nucleating particles during continuous springtime measurements in an Arctic oilfield location J. Creamean et al. 10.5194/acp-18-18023-2018
- Cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating bacteria and fungi in coastal precipitation C. Beall et al. 10.5194/acp-21-9031-2021
- Characteristics and sources of fluorescent aerosols in the central Arctic Ocean I. Beck et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00125
- Factors controlling marine aerosol size distributions and their climate effects over the northwest Atlantic Ocean region B. Croft et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1889-2021
- Biogenic Sources of Ice Nucleating Particles at the High Arctic Site Villum Research Station T. Šantl-Temkiv et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b00991
- A two-component parameterization of marine ice-nucleating particles based on seawater biology and sea spray aerosol measurements in the Mediterranean Sea J. Trueblood et al. 10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021
- Ice-nucleating particles in northern Greenland: annual cycles, biological contribution and parameterizations K. Sze et al. 10.5194/acp-23-4741-2023
- Ice nucleating properties of airborne dust from an actively retreating glacier in Yukon, Canada Y. Xi et al. 10.1039/D1EA00101A
- Annual variability of ice-nucleating particle concentrations at different Arctic locations H. Wex et al. 10.5194/acp-19-5293-2019
- Opinion: Cloud-phase climate feedback and the importance of ice-nucleating particles B. Murray et al. 10.5194/acp-21-665-2021
- Assessment of Artificial and Natural Transport Mechanisms of Ice Nucleating Particles in an Alpine Ski Resort in Obergurgl, Austria P. Baloh et al. 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02278
Latest update: 06 Nov 2024
Short summary
The ocean is a possible source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs). In this study we found that INPs were ubiquitous in the sea-surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic. A strong negative correlation was observed between salinity and freezing temperatures (after correcting for freezing point depression). Heat and filtration treatments of the samples showed that the INPs were likely biological material with sizes between 0.02 μm and 0.2 μm in diameter.
The ocean is a possible source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs). In this study we...
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