Effectiveness of replacing catalytic converters in LPG-fueled vehicles in  Hong Kong

Lyu, Xiaopu; Guo, Hai; Simpson, Isobel J.; Meinardi, Simone; Louie, Peter K. K.; Ling, Zhenhao; Wang, Yu; Liu, Ming; Luk, Connie W. Y.; Wang, Nan; Blake, Donald R.

doi:10.5194/acp-16-6609-2016

Articles | Volume 16, issue 10

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6609-2016

© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6609-2016

© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 16, issue 10

Research article

|

31 May 2016

Research article |

| 31 May 2016

Effectiveness of replacing catalytic converters in LPG-fueled vehicles in Hong Kong

Xiaopu Lyu, Hai Guo, Isobel J. Simpson, Simone Meinardi, Peter K. K. Louie, Zhenhao Ling, Yu Wang, Ming Liu, Connie W. Y. Luk, Nan Wang, and Donald R. Blake

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Total article views: 5,067 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

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HTML: 3,043
PDF: 1,876
XML: 148
Total: 5,067
Supplement: 348
BibTeX: 134
EndNote: 178

Views and downloads (calculated since 21 Dec 2015)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2015	61	55	2	118
Jan 2016	107	88	5	200
Feb 2016	27	40	1	68
Mar 2016	33	42	3	78
Apr 2016	6	30	1	37
May 2016	61	34	3	98
Jun 2016	44	49	2	95
Jul 2016	24	25	3	52
Aug 2016	16	20	1	37
Sep 2016	12	19	0	31
Oct 2016	13	9	1	23
Nov 2016	11	8	0	19
Dec 2016	5	7	0	12
Jan 2017	16	10	1	27
Feb 2017	18	16	1	35
Mar 2017	24	14	3	41
Apr 2017	24	20	1	45
May 2017	28	16	0	44
Jun 2017	35	15	2	52
Jul 2017	18	19	1	38
Aug 2017	12	12	0	24
Sep 2017	10	9	1	20
Oct 2017	14	14	0	28
Nov 2017	9	12	0	21
Dec 2017	8	13	0	21
Jan 2018	8	15	1	24
Feb 2018	10	8	1	19
Mar 2018	15	15	1	31
Apr 2018	17	14	2	33
May 2018	13	9	0	22
Jun 2018	8	9	0	17
Jul 2018	13	9	0	22
Aug 2018	12	8	1	21
Sep 2018	14	11	0	25
Oct 2018	15	11	2	28
Nov 2018	13	16	3	32
Dec 2018	5	4	0	9
Jan 2019	7	10	4	21
Feb 2019	11	5	1	17
Mar 2019	13	9	1	23
Apr 2019	8	9	0	17
May 2019	14	10	2	26
Jun 2019	13	16	0	29
Jul 2019	13	6	0	19
Aug 2019	6	11	0	17
Sep 2019	13	8	0	21
Oct 2019	17	12	2	31
Nov 2019	19	8	1	28
Dec 2019	11	7	0	18
Jan 2020	19	3	0	22
Feb 2020	18	11	1	30
Mar 2020	7	8	0	15
Apr 2020	14	12	1	27
May 2020	30	9	1	40
Jun 2020	31	10	0	41
Jul 2020	27	23	7	57
Aug 2020	26	9	2	37
Sep 2020	15	7	1	23
Oct 2020	22	9	1	32
Nov 2020	26	11	1	38
Dec 2020	24	10	1	35
Jan 2021	26	9	0	35
Feb 2021	23	12	1	36
Mar 2021	31	9	0	40
Apr 2021	35	19	0	54
May 2021	26	14	3	43
Jun 2021	19	10	0	29
Jul 2021	27	15	1	43
Aug 2021	31	18	1	50
Sep 2021	30	14	0	44
Oct 2021	10	41	0	51
Nov 2021	15	33	4	52
Dec 2021	19	11	0	30
Jan 2022	21	18	1	40
Feb 2022	20	11	5	36
Mar 2022	20	10	1	31
Apr 2022	12	6	1	19
May 2022	12	8	1	21
Jun 2022	17	6	1	24
Jul 2022	27	11	0	38
Aug 2022	34	6	0	40
Sep 2022	23	13	0	36
Oct 2022	34	10	4	48
Nov 2022	52	13	2	67
Dec 2022	25	5	1	31
Jan 2023	19	18	0	37
Feb 2023	36	11	1	48
Mar 2023	47	27	1	75
Apr 2023	21	10	0	31
May 2023	46	24	0	70
Jun 2023	46	9	2	57
Jul 2023	49	20	1	70
Aug 2023	49	15	3	67
Sep 2023	48	8	0	56
Oct 2023	48	12	3	63
Nov 2023	29	8	0	37
Dec 2023	35	11	1	47
Jan 2024	44	10	1	55
Feb 2024	47	16	0	63
Mar 2024	54	20	1	75
Apr 2024	45	19	4	68
May 2024	42	32	4	78
Jun 2024	27	16	1	44
Jul 2024	38	29	2	69
Aug 2024	46	16	3	65
Sep 2024	39	16	0	55
Oct 2024	21	14	0	35
Nov 2024	28	14	4	46
Dec 2024	26	21	0	47
Jan 2025	22	13	0	35
Feb 2025	38	15	5	58
Mar 2025	25	12	3	40
Apr 2025	26	23	0	49
May 2025	24	9	1	34
Jun 2025	57	31	2	90
Jul 2025	35	16	1	52
Aug 2025	39	19	0	58
Sep 2025	34	13	1	48
Oct 2025	20	28	2	50
Nov 2025	21	21	4	46

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 21 Dec 2015)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2015	61	55	2	118
Jan 2016	107	88	5	200
Feb 2016	27	40	1	68
Mar 2016	33	42	3	78
Apr 2016	6	30	1	37
May 2016	61	34	3	98
Jun 2016	44	49	2	95
Jul 2016	24	25	3	52
Aug 2016	16	20	1	37
Sep 2016	12	19	0	31
Oct 2016	13	9	1	23
Nov 2016	11	8	0	19
Dec 2016	5	7	0	12
Jan 2017	16	10	1	27
Feb 2017	18	16	1	35
Mar 2017	24	14	3	41
Apr 2017	24	20	1	45
May 2017	28	16	0	44
Jun 2017	35	15	2	52
Jul 2017	18	19	1	38
Aug 2017	12	12	0	24
Sep 2017	10	9	1	20
Oct 2017	14	14	0	28
Nov 2017	9	12	0	21
Dec 2017	8	13	0	21
Jan 2018	8	15	1	24
Feb 2018	10	8	1	19
Mar 2018	15	15	1	31
Apr 2018	17	14	2	33
May 2018	13	9	0	22
Jun 2018	8	9	0	17
Jul 2018	13	9	0	22
Aug 2018	12	8	1	21
Sep 2018	14	11	0	25
Oct 2018	15	11	2	28
Nov 2018	13	16	3	32
Dec 2018	5	4	0	9
Jan 2019	7	10	4	21
Feb 2019	11	5	1	17
Mar 2019	13	9	1	23
Apr 2019	8	9	0	17
May 2019	14	10	2	26
Jun 2019	13	16	0	29
Jul 2019	13	6	0	19
Aug 2019	6	11	0	17
Sep 2019	13	8	0	21
Oct 2019	17	12	2	31
Nov 2019	19	8	1	28
Dec 2019	11	7	0	18
Jan 2020	19	3	0	22
Feb 2020	18	11	1	30
Mar 2020	7	8	0	15
Apr 2020	14	12	1	27
May 2020	30	9	1	40
Jun 2020	31	10	0	41
Jul 2020	27	23	7	57
Aug 2020	26	9	2	37
Sep 2020	15	7	1	23
Oct 2020	22	9	1	32
Nov 2020	26	11	1	38
Dec 2020	24	10	1	35
Jan 2021	26	9	0	35
Feb 2021	23	12	1	36
Mar 2021	31	9	0	40
Apr 2021	35	19	0	54
May 2021	26	14	3	43
Jun 2021	19	10	0	29
Jul 2021	27	15	1	43
Aug 2021	31	18	1	50
Sep 2021	30	14	0	44
Oct 2021	10	41	0	51
Nov 2021	15	33	4	52
Dec 2021	19	11	0	30
Jan 2022	21	18	1	40
Feb 2022	20	11	5	36
Mar 2022	20	10	1	31
Apr 2022	12	6	1	19
May 2022	12	8	1	21
Jun 2022	17	6	1	24
Jul 2022	27	11	0	38
Aug 2022	34	6	0	40
Sep 2022	23	13	0	36
Oct 2022	34	10	4	48
Nov 2022	52	13	2	67
Dec 2022	25	5	1	31
Jan 2023	19	18	0	37
Feb 2023	36	11	1	48
Mar 2023	47	27	1	75
Apr 2023	21	10	0	31
May 2023	46	24	0	70
Jun 2023	46	9	2	57
Jul 2023	49	20	1	70
Aug 2023	49	15	3	67
Sep 2023	48	8	0	56
Oct 2023	48	12	3	63
Nov 2023	29	8	0	37
Dec 2023	35	11	1	47
Jan 2024	44	10	1	55
Feb 2024	47	16	0	63
Mar 2024	54	20	1	75
Apr 2024	45	19	4	68
May 2024	42	32	4	78
Jun 2024	27	16	1	44
Jul 2024	38	29	2	69
Aug 2024	46	16	3	65
Sep 2024	39	16	0	55
Oct 2024	21	14	0	35
Nov 2024	28	14	4	46
Dec 2024	26	21	0	47
Jan 2025	22	13	0	35
Feb 2025	38	15	5	58
Mar 2025	25	12	3	40
Apr 2025	26	23	0	49
May 2025	24	9	1	34
Jun 2025	57	31	2	90
Jul 2025	35	16	1	52
Aug 2025	39	19	0	58
Sep 2025	34	13	1	48
Oct 2025	20	28	2	50
Nov 2025	21	21	4	46

Latest update: 25 Nov 2025

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Short summary

In this study, the effectiveness of a LPG converter replacement program was evaluated. It was found that LPG-related VOCs and NO_x decreased significantly due to the implementation of the program. Source apportionment also revealed the reduction of VOCs and NO_x in LPG-fueled vehicle exhaust. From before to during the program, O₃ increased slightly, mainly due to the reduction of NO_x in LPG-fueled vehicle exhaust. To retain zero O₃ increment, the lowest reduction ratio of VOCs / NO_x was determined.