147 citations as recorded by crossref.

1. A machine learning methodology for the generation of a parameterization of the hydroxyl radical D. Anderson et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-6341-2022
2. Seasonal observations of OH and HO<sub>2</sub> in the remote tropical marine boundary layer S. Vaughan et al. 10.5194/acp-12-2149-2012
3. Quantum chemical investigation on the mechanism and kinetics of OH radical-initiated atmospheric oxidation of PCB-47 Y. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.040
4. Enhancing long-term trend simulation of the global tropospheric hydroxyl (TOH) and its drivers from 2005 to 2019: a synergistic integration of model simulations and satellite observations A. Souri et al. 10.5194/acp-24-8677-2024
5. The CO<sub>2</sub> inhibition of terrestrial isoprene emission significantly affects future ozone projections P. Young et al. 10.5194/acp-9-2793-2009
6. Global annual methane emission rate derived from its current atmospheric mixing ratio and estimated lifetime G. Sonnemann & M. Grygalashvyly 10.5194/angeo-32-277-2014
7. In search of an ice core signal to differentiate between source-driven and sink-driven changes in atmospheric methane J. Levine et al. 10.1029/2010JD014878
8. Impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the interannual variability of methane and tropospheric ozone M. Rowlinson et al. 10.5194/acp-19-8669-2019
9. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Costa Rican air and soil: A tropical/temperate comparison G. Daly et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.014
10. Stratospheric distribution of methane over a tropical region as observed by MIPAS on board ENVISAT P. Nair & M. Kavitha 10.1080/01431161.2020.1779376
11. Seasonal characteristics of tropical marine boundary layer air measured at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory L. Carpenter et al. 10.1007/s10874-011-9206-1
12. Evaluation of the new UKCA climate-composition model – Part 2: The Troposphere F. O'Connor et al. 10.5194/gmd-7-41-2014
13. Strong sensitivity of the global mean OH concentration and the tropospheric oxidizing efficiency to the source of NOx from lightning L. Labrador et al. 10.1029/2003GL019229
14. Kinetics of the reaction of the simplest Criegee intermediate with ammonia: a combination of experiment and theory Y. Liu et al. 10.1039/C8CP05920A
15. Joint Application of Concentration and δ18O to Investigate the Global Atmospheric CO Budget K. Park et al. 10.3390/atmos6050547
16. Development and evaluation of the unified tropospheric–stratospheric chemistry extension (UCX) for the global chemistry-transport model GEOS-Chem S. Eastham et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.001
17. A three-dimensional-model inversion of methyl chloroform to constrain the atmospheric oxidative capacity S. Naus et al. 10.5194/acp-21-4809-2021
18. Description and Evaluation of an Emission‐Driven and Fully Coupled Methane Cycle in UKESM1 G. Folberth et al. 10.1029/2021MS002982
19. Effects of cloud overlap in photochemical models Y. Feng et al. 10.1029/2003JD004040
20. Daytime Reactions of 1,8‐Cineole in the Troposphere A. Ceacero‐Vega et al. 10.1002/cphc.201100077
21. Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo) with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) version 2.51 P. Jöckel et al. 10.5194/gmd-9-1153-2016
22. Phosgene in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere: A Marker for Product Gas Injection Due to Chlorine‐Containing Very Short Lived Substances J. Harrison et al. 10.1029/2018GL079784
23. Chemical processes in a young biomass‐burning plume J. Trentmann et al. 10.1029/2003JD003732
24. Reconciling the changes in atmospheric methane sources and sinks between the Last Glacial Maximum and the pre-industrial era J. Levine et al. 10.1029/2011GL049545
25. Effects of Chemical Feedbacks on Decadal Methane Emissions Estimates N. Nguyen et al. 10.1029/2019GL085706
26. Atmospheric formaldehyde at El Teide and Pic du Midi remote high-altitude sites C. Prados-Roman et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117618
27. Global modelling of the total OH reactivity: investigations on the “missing” OH sink and its atmospheric implications V. Ferracci et al. 10.5194/acp-18-7109-2018
28. Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) P. Young et al. 10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013
29. Investigations on mechanisms, kinetics, and ecotoxicity in OH-initiated degradation of 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene in the environment H. Zhao et al. 10.1007/s11356-022-21704-x
30. Global modeling of biogenic bromocarbons N. Warwick et al. 10.1029/2006JD007264
31. Climate and Tropospheric Oxidizing Capacity A. Fiore et al. 10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-090307
32. A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2 L. Horowitz et al. 10.1029/2002JD002853
33. Photolysis of surface O3 and production potential of OH radicals in the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau W. Lin et al. 10.1029/2007JD008831
34. The impact of resolution on ship plume simulations with NO<sub>x</sub> chemistry C. Charlton-Perez et al. 10.5194/acp-9-7505-2009
35. CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model J. Lamarque et al. 10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012
36. Global modelling of H<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios and isotopic compositions with the TM5 model G. Pieterse et al. 10.5194/acp-11-7001-2011
37. Evidence for the role of ion‐induced particle formation during an atmospheric nucleation event observed in Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) V. Kanawade & S. Tripathi 10.1029/2005JD006366
38. Atmospheric Chemistry ofN-methyl Perfluorobutane Sulfonamidoethanol, C4F9SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH:  Kinetics and Mechanism of Reaction with OH J. D'eon et al. 10.1021/es0520767
39. Sensitivity of tropospheric oxidants to biomass burning emissions: implications for radiative forcing J. Mao et al. 10.1002/grl.50210
40. Factors controlling variability in the oxidative capacity of the troposphere since the Last Glacial Maximum L. Murray et al. 10.5194/acp-14-3589-2014
41. Multimodel ensemble simulations of present‐day and near‐future tropospheric ozone D. Stevenson et al. 10.1029/2005JD006338
42. Impact on short-lived climate forcers increases projected warming due to deforestation C. Scott et al. 10.1038/s41467-017-02412-4
43. Experimental Study of OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Toxicity Q. Liu et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b05327
44. Kinetic Measurements of Cl Atom Reactions with C5–C8 Unsaturated Alcohols A. Grira et al. 10.3390/atmos11030256
45. Influence of modelled soil biogenic NO emissions on related trace gases and the atmospheric oxidizing efficiency J. Steinkamp et al. 10.5194/acp-9-2663-2009
46. Quantitative evaluation of ozone and selected climate parameters in a set of EMAC simulations M. Righi et al. 10.5194/gmd-8-733-2015
47. Atmospheric OH Oxidation Chemistry of Particulate Liquid Crystal Monomers: An Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutant in Air Q. Liu et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00447
48. Trends in global tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime since 1850 from AerChemMIP D. Stevenson et al. 10.5194/acp-20-12905-2020
49. The TOMCAT global chemical transport model v1.6: description of chemical mechanism and model evaluation S. Monks et al. 10.5194/gmd-10-3025-2017
50. Atmospheric persistence and toxicity evolution for fluorinated biphenylethyne liquid crystal monomers unveiled by in silico methods Y. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127519
51. Stability of tropospheric hydroxyl chemistry J. Lelieveld et al. 10.1029/2002JD002272
52. Global tropospheric hydroxyl distribution, budget and reactivity J. Lelieveld et al. 10.5194/acp-16-12477-2016
53. An advanced method of contributing emissions to short-lived chemical species (OH and HO<sub>2</sub>): the TAGGING 1.1 submodel based on the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy 2.53) V. Rieger et al. 10.5194/gmd-11-2049-2018
54. Airborne Measurements of Trace Organic Species in the Upper Troposphere Over Europe: the Impact of Deep Convection A. Colomb et al. 10.1071/EN06020
55. Implementation of the Fast-JX Photolysis scheme (v6.4) into the UKCA component of the MetUM chemistry-climate model (v7.3) P. Telford et al. 10.5194/gmd-6-161-2013
56. Impact of preindustrial to present‐day changes in short‐lived pollutant emissions on atmospheric composition and climate forcing V. Naik et al. 10.1002/jgrd.50608
57. Interhemispheric transit time distributions and path‐dependent lifetimes constrained by measurements of SF6, CFCs, and CFC replacements M. Holzer & D. Waugh 10.1002/2015GL064172
58. Inter-model comparison of global hydroxyl radical (OH) distributions and their impact on atmospheric methane over the 2000–2016 period Y. Zhao et al. 10.5194/acp-19-13701-2019
59. Global sensitivity of aviation NO<sub>x</sub> effects to the HNO<sub>3</sub>-forming channel of the HO<sub>2</sub> + NO reaction K. Gottschaldt et al. 10.5194/acp-13-3003-2013
60. Evaluating high-resolution forecasts of atmospheric CO and CO<sub>2</sub> from a global prediction system during KORUS-AQ field campaign W. Tang et al. 10.5194/acp-18-11007-2018
61. Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluoroalkanesulfonamides:  Kinetic and Product Studies of the OH Radical and Cl Atom Initiated Oxidation of N-Ethyl Perfluorobutanesulfonamide J. Martin et al. 10.1021/es051362f
62. Characterizing the tropospheric ozone response to methane emission controls and the benefits to climate and air quality A. Fiore et al. 10.1029/2007JD009162
63. Upgrading photolysis in the p-TOMCAT CTM: model evaluation and assessment of the role of clouds A. Voulgarakis et al. 10.5194/gmd-2-59-2009
64. A model for studies of tropospheric ozone and nonmethane hydrocarbons: Model evaluation of ozone‐related species R. von Kuhlmann et al. 10.1029/2002JD003348
65. Linkages between ozone-depleting substances, tropospheric oxidation and aerosols A. Voulgarakis et al. 10.5194/acp-13-4907-2013
66. Heterogeneous degradation of pesticides by OH radicals in the atmosphere: Influence of humidity and particle type on the kinetics C. Mattei et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.038
67. Preindustrial to present-day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) V. Naik et al. 10.5194/acp-13-5277-2013
68. Implementation and evaluation of updated photolysis rates in the EMEP MSC-W chemistry-transport model using Cloud-J v7.3e W. van Caspel et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-7433-2023
69. Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic Ocean K. Read et al. 10.1038/nature07035
70. Influence of pesticide mixture on their heterogeneous atmospheric degradation by ozone and OH radicals B. Samia et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123351
71. Theoretical investigation on the atmospheric degradation mechanism, kinetics, and fate of hydroxymethyl nitrate initiated by ˙OH radicals X. Liu et al. 10.1039/D3NJ01628E
72. Multi-model study of chemical and physical controls on transport of anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution to the Arctic S. Monks et al. 10.5194/acp-15-3575-2015
73. A quantitative assessment of uncertainties affecting estimates of global mean OH derived from methyl chloroform observations J. Wang et al. 10.1029/2007JD008496
74. Theoretical investigations on the kinetics of p-cymene+OH reaction M. Dash & B. Rajakumar 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.030
75. GNAQPMS-Hg v1.0, a global nested atmospheric mercury transport model: model description, evaluation and application to trans-boundary transport of Chinese anthropogenic emissions H. Chen et al. 10.5194/gmd-8-2857-2015
76. Influences of hydroxyl radicals (OH) on top-down estimates of the global and regional methane budgets Y. Zhao et al. 10.5194/acp-20-9525-2020
77. Phanerozoic evolution of atmospheric methane O. Bartdorff et al. 10.1029/2007GB002985
78. Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Tropospheric Reactions of Menthol, Borneol, Fenchol, Camphor, and Fenchone with Hydroxyl Radicals (OH) and Chlorine Atoms (Cl) A. Ceacero-Vega et al. 10.1021/jp212076g
79. Characterizations and Potential Formation Pathways of Atmospheric Inorganic Ions at a National Background Site in the Northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau During Autumn Season B. Han et al. 10.1029/2020JD032819
80. Experimental and theoretical studies on the atmospheric degradation of 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4-heptafluorocyclopentane W. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.057
81. Detecting recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer M. Chipperfield et al. 10.1038/nature23681
82. Hydroxyl radical buffered by isoprene oxidation over tropical forests D. Taraborrelli et al. 10.1038/ngeo1405
83. Evidence for large average concentrations of the nitrate radical (NO3) in Western Europe from the HANSA hydrocarbon database S. Penkett et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.055
84. Measurements and modeling of Δ17O of nitrate in snowpits from Summit, Greenland S. Kunasek et al. 10.1029/2008JD010103
85. Fifteen Years of HFC‐134a Satellite Observations: Comparisons With SLIMCAT Calculations J. Harrison et al. 10.1029/2020JD033208
86. Quantum chemical study of the mechanisms, kinetics, and ecotoxicity assessment of OH radical-initiated reactions of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′ -hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-153) in atmosphere and wastewater J. Yao et al. 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129916
87. Tropospheric ozone evolution between 1890 and 1990 J. Lamarque et al. 10.1029/2004JD005537
88. Seasonal changes in the tropospheric carbon monoxide profile over the remote Southern Hemisphere evaluated using multi-model simulations and aircraft observations J. Fisher et al. 10.5194/acp-15-3217-2015
89. The Impact of Uncertainties in African Biomass Burning Emission Estimates on Modeling Global Air Quality, Long Range Transport and Tropospheric Chemical Lifetimes J. Williams et al. 10.3390/atmos3010132
90. Missing OH source in a suburban environment near Beijing: observed and modelled OH and HO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in summer 2006 K. Lu et al. 10.5194/acp-13-1057-2013
91. Trends in methane and sulfur hexafluoride at a tropical coastal site, Thumba (8.6°N, 77.°E), in India S. Lal et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.019
92. Optimizing global CO emission estimates using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation system and surface network observations P. Hooghiemstra et al. 10.5194/acp-11-4705-2011
93. Spatial and temporal variability in the hydroxyl (OH) radical: understanding the role of large-scale climate features and their influence on OH through its dynamical and photochemical drivers D. Anderson et al. 10.5194/acp-21-6481-2021
94. The role of future anthropogenic methane emissions in air quality and climate Z. Staniaszek et al. 10.1038/s41612-022-00247-5
95. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Tropospheric Reaction of 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone with Cl Atoms C. Sleiman et al. 10.1021/jp5054343
96. Understanding the Impact of Relative Humidity and Coexisting Soluble Iron on the OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Organophosphate Flame Retardants Q. Liu et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b01758
97. Rate coefficients for the reactions of OH radicals with C3–C11 alkanes determined by the relative-rate technique Y. Xin et al. 10.5194/acp-24-11409-2024
98. Modeling the aqueous phase reactivity of hydroxyl radical towards diverse organic micropollutants: An aid to water decontamination processes S. Gupta & N. Basant 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.057
99. Climate versus emission drivers of methane lifetime against loss by tropospheric OH from 1860–2100 J. John et al. 10.5194/acp-12-12021-2012
100. Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model: Description and background tropospheric chemistry evaluation D. Hauglustaine et al. 10.1029/2003JD003957
101. Multichannel RRKM-TST and Direct-Dynamics VTST Study of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Furan S. Mousavipour et al. 10.1021/jp807122m
102. Can we explain the observed methane variability after the Mount Pinatubo eruption? N. Bândă et al. 10.5194/acp-16-195-2016
103. Theoretical study on the mechanisms, kinetics and risk assessment of OH radicals and Cl atom initiated transformation of HCFC-235fa in the atmosphere T. Chi et al. 10.1039/D4CP02323D
104. Can the variability in tropospheric OH be deduced from measurements of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)? M. Krol & J. Lelieveld 10.1029/2002JD002423
105. Exploring the drivers of tropospheric hydroxyl radical trends in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM4.1 atmospheric chemistry–climate model G. Chua et al. 10.5194/acp-23-4955-2023
106. Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model: model description and impact analysis of biogenic hydrocarbons on tropospheric chemistry G. Folberth et al. 10.5194/acp-6-2273-2006
107. OH radical-initiated oxidation degradation and atmospheric lifetime of N-ethylperfluorobutyramide in the presence of O2/NOx Y. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.059
108. Chemical characterisation of water-soluble ions in atmospheric particulate matter on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia N. Farren et al. 10.5194/acp-19-1537-2019
109. TransClim (v1.0): a chemistry–climate response model for assessing the effect of mitigation strategies for road traffic on ozone V. Rieger & V. Grewe 10.5194/gmd-15-5883-2022
110. Pollution‐enhanced reactive chlorine chemistry in the eastern tropical Atlantic boundary layer M. Lawler et al. 10.1029/2008GL036666
111. Analysis of present day and future OH and methane lifetime in the ACCMIP simulations A. Voulgarakis et al. 10.5194/acp-13-2563-2013
112. The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere P. Jöckel et al. 10.5194/acp-6-5067-2006
113. Atmospheric oxidation of Folpet initiated by OH radicals, NO3 radicals, and O3 C. Zhang et al. 10.1039/D0RA09429C
114. Impact of preindustrial biomass‐burning emissions on the oxidation pathways of tropospheric sulfur and nitrogen B. Alexander et al. 10.1029/2003JD004218
115. Bromine and iodine chemistry in a global chemistry-climate model: description and evaluation of very short-lived oceanic sources C. Ordóñez et al. 10.5194/acp-12-1423-2012
116. Age of air as a diagnostic for transport timescales in global models M. Krol et al. 10.5194/gmd-11-3109-2018
117. Model-simulated trend of surface carbon monoxide for the 2001–2010 decade J. Yoon & A. Pozzer 10.5194/acp-14-10465-2014
118. Bromoform in the tropical boundary layer of the Maritime Continent during OP3 J. Pyle et al. 10.5194/acp-11-529-2011
119. Impact on short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) from a realistic land-use change scenario via changes in biogenic emissions C. Scott et al. 10.1039/C7FD00028F
120. ECHMERIT V1.0 – a new global fully coupled mercury-chemistry and transport model G. Jung et al. 10.5194/gmd-2-175-2009
121. Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe): the tropical North Atlantic experiments J. Lee et al. 10.5194/acp-10-1031-2010
122. Atmospheric Reaction of Cl with 4-Hydroxy-2-pentanone (4H2P): A Theoretical Study S. Rouichi et al. 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12291
123. Accumulation of Current-Use Pesticides in Neotropical Montane Forests G. Daly et al. 10.1021/es0622709
124. Contrasting atmospheric boundary layer chemistry of methylhydroperoxide (CH<sub>3</sub>OOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) above polar snow M. Frey et al. 10.5194/acp-9-3261-2009
125. Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) L. Emmons et al. 10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010
126. Changes in Global Tropospheric OH Expected as a Result of Climate Change Over the Last Several Decades J. Nicely et al. 10.1029/2018JD028388
127. Deriving Global OH Abundance and Atmospheric Lifetimes for Long‐Lived Gases: A Search for CH3CCl3 Alternatives Q. Liang et al. 10.1002/2017JD026926
128. Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review M. Lawrence & J. Lelieveld 10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010
129. Global atmospheric chemistry – which air matters M. Prather et al. 10.5194/acp-17-9081-2017
130. Extreme oxidant amounts produced by lightning in storm clouds W. Brune et al. 10.1126/science.abg0492
131. Interannual variability and trend of CH4 lifetime as a measure for OH changes in the 1979–1993 time period F. Dentener et al. 10.1029/2002JD002916
132. Estimation of direct emissions and atmospheric processing of reactive mercury using inverse modeling B. de Foy et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.070
133. Re-analysis of tropospheric sulfate aerosol and ozone for the period 1980–2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ L. Pozzoli et al. 10.5194/acp-11-9563-2011
134. Atmospheric Oxidation of Polyfluorinated Amides: Historical Source of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids to the Environment D. Jackson et al. 10.1021/es400617v
135. Interactive ozone induces a negative feedback in CO2-driven climate change simulations S. Dietmüller et al. 10.1002/2013JD020575
136. Source identification and budget analysis on elevated levels of formaldehyde within the ship plumes: a ship-plume photochemical/dynamic model analysis C. Song et al. 10.5194/acp-10-11969-2010
137. Influence of tropospheric SO2 emissions on particle formation and the stratospheric humidity J. Notholt et al. 10.1029/2004GL022159
138. Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of 2,3,7,8-tetrafuorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin C. Zhang & X. Sun 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.018
139. A three‐dimensional model study of the effect of new temperature‐dependent quantum yields for acetone photolysis S. Arnold et al. 10.1029/2005JD005998
140. Atmospheric reactions of methylcyclohexanes with Cl atoms and OH radicals: determination of rate coefficients and degradation products B. Ballesteros et al. 10.1007/s11356-014-2901-0
141. On the role of trend and variability in the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the global methane budget Y. Zhao et al. 10.5194/acp-20-13011-2020
142. Constraints and biases in a tropospheric two-box model of OH S. Naus et al. 10.5194/acp-19-407-2019
143. Slow feedbacks resulting from strongly enhanced atmospheric methane mixing ratios in a chemistry–climate model with mixed-layer ocean L. Stecher et al. 10.5194/acp-21-731-2021
144. The effect of stratospheric sulfur from Mount Pinatubo on tropospheric oxidizing capacity and methane N. Bândă et al. 10.1002/2014JD022137
145. The description and validation of the computationally Efficient CH<sub>4</sub>–CO–OH (ECCOHv1.01) chemistry module for 3-D model applications Y. Elshorbany et al. 10.5194/gmd-9-799-2016
146. Using δ13C of Levoglucosan As a Chemical Clock I. Gensch et al. 10.1021/acs.est.8b03054
147. Evaluation of stratosphere–troposphere exchange and the hydroxyl radical distribution in three‐dimensional global atmospheric models using observations of cosmogenic 14CO P. Jöckel et al. 10.1029/2001JD001324