Black carbon-induced snow albedo reduction over the Tibetan Plateau: uncertainties from snow grain shape and aerosol–snow mixing state based on an updated SNICAR model
Cenlin He1,2,Mark G. Flanner3,Fei Chen2,4,Michael Barlage2,Kuo-Nan Liou5,Shichang Kang6,7,Jing Ming8,and Yun Qian9Cenlin He et al.Cenlin He1,2,Mark G. Flanner3,Fei Chen2,4,Michael Barlage2,Kuo-Nan Liou5,Shichang Kang6,7,Jing Ming8,and Yun Qian9
1Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, CO, USA
2Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric
Research, Boulder, CO, USA
3Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
4State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
5Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, and
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
6State key laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of
Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
7CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing,
China
8Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
Mainz, Germany
9Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
1Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, CO, USA
2Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric
Research, Boulder, CO, USA
3Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
4State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
5Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, and
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
6State key laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of
Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
7CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing,
China
8Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
Mainz, Germany
9Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Received: 12 May 2018 – Discussion started: 22 May 2018 – Revised: 31 Jul 2018 – Accepted: 04 Aug 2018 – Published: 15 Aug 2018
Abstract. We implement a set of new parameterizations into the widely used Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model to account for effects of snow grain shape (spherical vs. nonspherical) and black carbon (BC)–snow mixing state (external vs. internal). We find that nonspherical snow grains lead to higher pure albedo but weaker BC-induced albedo reductions relative to spherical snow grains, while BC–snow internal mixing significantly enhances albedo reductions relative to external mixing. The combination of snow nonsphericity and internal mixing suggests an important interactive effect on BC-induced albedo reduction. Comparisons with observations of clean and BC-contaminated snow albedo show that model simulations accounting for both snow nonsphericity and BC–snow internal mixing perform better than those using the common assumption of spherical snow grains and external mixing. We further apply the updated SNICAR model with comprehensive in situ measurements of BC concentrations in the Tibetan Plateau snowpack to quantify the present-day (2000–2015) BC-induced snow albedo effects from a regional and seasonal perspective. The BC concentrations show distinct and substantial sub-regional and seasonal variations, with higher values in the non-monsoon season and low altitudes. As a result, the BC-induced regional mean snow albedo reductions and surface radiative effects vary by up to an order of magnitude across different sub-regions and seasons, with values of 0.7–30.7 and 1.4–58.4 W m−2 for BC externally mixed with fresh and aged snow spheres, respectively. The BC radiative effects are further complicated by uncertainty in snow grain shape and BC–snow mixing state. BC–snow internal mixing enhances the mean albedo effects over the plateau by 30–60 % relative to external mixing, while nonspherical snow grains decrease the mean albedo effects by up to 31 % relative to spherical grains. Based on this study, extensive measurements and improved model characterization of snow grain shape and aerosol–snow mixing state are urgently needed in order to precisely evaluate BC–snow albedo effects.
Snow albedo plays a key role in the Earth and climate system. It can be affected by impurities and snow properties. This study implements new parameterizations into a widely used snow model to account for effects of snow shape and black carbon–snow mixing state on snow albedo reduction in the Tibetan Plateau. This study points toward an imperative need for extensive measurements and improved model characterization of snow grain shape and aerosol–snow mixing state in Tibet and elsewhere.
Snow albedo plays a key role in the Earth and climate system. It can be affected by impurities...
