Mesoscale convective systems observed during AMMA and their impact on the NO_x and O₃ budget over West Africa

Abstract. During the "African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis" (AMMA) field phase in August 2006, a variety of measurements focusing on deep convection were performed over West Africa. The German research aircraft Falcon based in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) investigated the chemical composition in the outflow of large mesoscale convective systems (MCS). Here we analyse two different types of MCS originating north and south of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ, ~10° N), respectively. In addition to the airborne trace gas measurements, stroke measurements from the Lightning Location Network (LINET), set up in Northern Benin, are analysed. The main focus of the present study is (1) to analyse the trace gas composition (CO, O₃, NO, NO_x, NO_y, and HCHO) in the convective outflow as a function of distance from the convective core, (2) to investigate how different trace gas compositions in the boundary layer (BL) and ambient air may influence the O₃ concentration in the convective outflow, and (3) to estimate the rate of lightning-produced nitrogen oxides per flash in selected thunderstorms and compare it to our previous results for the tropics. The MCS outflow was probed at different altitudes (~10–12 km) and distances from the convective core (<500 km). Trace gas signatures similar to the conditions in the MCS inflow region were observed in the outflow close to the convective core, due to efficient vertical transport. In the fresh MCS outflow, low O₃ mixing ratios in the range of 35–40 nmol mol⁻¹ were observed. Further downwind, O₃ mixing ratios in the outflow rapidly increased with distance, due to mixing with the ambient O₃-rich air. After 2–3 h, O₃ mixing ratios in the range of ~65 nmol mol⁻¹ were observed in the aged outflow. Within the fresh MCS outflow, mean NO_x (=NO+NO₂) mixing ratios were in the range of ~0.3–0.4 nmol mol⁻¹ (peaks ~1 nmol mol⁻¹) and only slightly enhanced compared to the background. Both lightning-produced NO_x (LNO_x) and NO_x transported upward from the BL contributed about equally to this enhancement. On the basis of Falcon measurements, the mass flux of LNO_x in the investigated MCS was estimated to be ~100 g(N) s⁻¹. The average stroke rate of the probed thunderstorms was 0.04–0.07 strokes s⁻¹ (here only strokes with peak currents ≥10 kA contributing to LNO_x were considered). The LNO_x mass flux and the stroke rate were combined to estimate the LNO_x production rate. For a better comparison with other published results, LNO_x estimates per LINET stroke were scaled to Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) flashes. The LNO_x production rate per LIS flash was estimated to 1.0 and 2.5 kg(N) for the MCS located south and north of the ITCZ, respectively. If we assume, that these different types of MCS are typical thunderstorms occurring globally (LIS flash rate ~44 s⁻¹), the annual global LNO_x production rate was estimated to be ~1.4 and 3.5 Tg(N) a⁻¹.