the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
24 Feb 2021
24 Feb 2021
Arctic on the verge of an ozone hole?
- 1CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur–721302, India
- 2School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- 3National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9PH, UK
- 4Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (IEK-7), 52425 Jülich, Germany
- 5Department of Physical Oceanography, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
- 1CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur–721302, India
- 2School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- 3National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9PH, UK
- 4Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (IEK-7), 52425 Jülich, Germany
- 5Department of Physical Oceanography, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
Abstract. Severe vortex-wide ozone loss in the Arctic would expose nearly 650 million people and ecosystem to unhealthy ultra-violet radiation levels. Adding to these worries, and extreme weather events as the harbingers of climate change, clear signature of an ozone hole (ozone column values below 220 DU) appeared over the Arctic in March and April 2020. Sporadic occurrences of ozone hole values at different regions of vortex for almost three weeks were found for the first time in the observed history in the Arctic. Furthermore, a record-breaking ozone loss of about 2.0–3.4 ppmv triggered by an unprecedented chlorine activation (1.5–2.2 ppbv) matching to the levels of Antarctic ozone hole conditions was also observed. The polar processing situation led to the first-ever appearance of loss saturation in the Arctic. Apart from these, there were also ozone-mini holes in December 2019 and January 2020 driven by atmospheric dynamics. The large loss in ozone in the colder Arctic winters is intriguing and that demands rigorous monitoring of the region. Our study suggests that the very colder Arctic winters in near future would also very likely to experience even more ozone loss and encounter ozone hole situations, provided the stratospheric chlorine levels still stay high there.
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Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath et al.
Status: open (until 21 Apr 2021)
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RC1: 'Comment on acp-2020-1313', Anonymous Referee #2, 25 Mar 2021
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I struggled with this review because while the paper presents a lot of information, and the authors have done a lot of work, it is difficult to see what is new. The major discoveries announced in the abstract, for example, “Sporadic occurrences of ozone hole values … record-breaking ozone loss of about 2.0–3.4 ppmv … unprecedented chlorine activation … first-ever appearance of loss [near] saturation in the Arctic…” have been made, and published, by Manney et al. (2020) or Woltmann et al. (2020). The title (“on the verge”) suggests that the authors think we will see a real ozone hole, or more ozone holes in the future. But they fail to present any dynamical arguments for that. Figure 1a of Woltmann et al. (2020) in fact suggests this, so it would be interesting to see a climate model prediction of the like, or more long-term analysis of trends in dynamical parameters.
Instead, the paper waffles back and forth about whether there was an “ozone hole” in 2020, even contradicting itself, e.g., “all the methods, data, and parameters converge to provide an undeniable fact of the first-ever ozone hole” and then “the ozone loss in the Arctic cannot not be called as “an ozone hole”.” In any case, this is not an important scientific argument, but a quibble about terminology.
Figure 3 is very nice, with a lot of important information, but that information is already in Manney et al. (2020). The ozonesondes, and the degree to which loss saturation was approached, are thoroughly presented in Woltmann et al. (2020). Loss saturation was never reached, in fact: Antarctic ozone hole profiles frequently show ozone below the detection limit of the sondes (~1 ppbv), while the lowest observed last spring in the Arctic was 125 ppbv. Sondes can measure ozone levels below 100 ppbv with good accuracy (as they do in the troposphere).
I did, however, find the discussion of the ozone mini-holes in December 2019 and January 2020 quite intriguing, especially the observation that they contained high ClO. Mini-holes are generally regarded as dynamic phenomena, so the suggestion that heterogeneous chemistry is occurring is interesting. It might be interesting to explore this further: are they also becoming more common? Do they affect the overall loss of ozone? See also Stenke and Grewe (2003). I noted that in Figure 7 the mini-holes were the only point where TCO fell below 220 DU. That seems worth exploring.
I also appreciated the long-term comparison with previous years in Figure 6. Perhaps this could expanded, along with an analysis of the long-term changes in vortex temperature, V_PSC, wave disturbances/stability…
Minor points:
Line 23: “provided the stratospheric chlorine levels still stay high there.” I don’t think there is much uncertainty about future Cl levels.
Line 34: “because”? Perhaps “possibly because”. This is far from certain, or we wouldn’t still be producing ozone assessments. In fact a lot of data show the opposite (decline since 1997).
Lines 58-59: “ Here, we show that the Arctic winter in 2020 … met the condition for an ozone hole for the first time”. What condition? This disagrees with most other assessments (e.g. Woltmann et al., 2020; Manney et al., 2020; Wilka et al., 2021).
Lines 60-65: Should indicate where the data were obtained. Uncertainties are quoted but no citation is given.
Line 80: “The missing values in satellite measurements were filled with linear interpolation (poison_grid_fill).” What is “poison_grid_fill”? How does it work? What are the criteria used for filling?
Line 120: A lot of this paragraph is confusing, but this line especially. T_NAT is 195, not 200 K.
Line 133-134: “This is the largest ice PSC ever observed in terms of its area, volume and number of days of appearance (i.e. frequency) in the Arctic and the area is twice that of the winter 2011.” So what? This information is never used for anything.
Lines 151-156: This is interesting, potentially, but vague and hand-waving. It could be really valuable to have an analysis that looks at the evolution and variation of the Arctic vortex over the last 20+ years.
Lines 210-212: This analysis might make an interesting paper, if expanded.
Lines 360-364: This interpretation is incorrect. The sondes do indeed have an uncertainty of about 10%, but that means that the minima of 0.125 (or 0.200) ppmv would have error bars of ±0.012 (or ±0.020). That is not consistent with zero, or even 0.1 ppmv.
Reference
Stenke, A., and V. Grewe (2003), Impact of ozone mini-holes on the heterogeneous destruction of stratospheric ozone, Chemosphere, 50, 177-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00599-4
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RC2: 'Review of acp-2020-1313', Anonymous Referee #1, 29 Mar 2021
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In their manuscript, Kuttippurath et al. investigate Arctic stratospheric ozone loss during the exceptional winter 2019/2020 from a range of satellite and ground-based observations. Their analysis is thorough and the results are sound. It is, however, less clear to me, what the main message of this paper is. Previous studies, correctly cited in this manuscript, have already come to similar results. So it would be good, if Kuttippurath et al. could spell out a bit clearer what this study adds, that is not already known from these previous studies.
I have one concern with the claims made here that the exceptional ozone loss in 2019/2020 is a sign of climate change. As far as I am aware of the current literature, most climate models do not show any increase in Arctic ozone loss due to climate change. Can the authors rule out that 2020 was not just an extreme winter within the current range of variability? And related to that point: the Arctic did experience in March 2020 ozone hole conditions, as this study demonstrates. Is there evidence of an “exposure of nearly 650 million people and ecosystem to unhealthy ultra-violet radiation levels” (quoting from the first sentence of the abstract)? Or do the authors suggest that future Arctic winters could show even larger ozone depletion? And if so, on which basis? The authors should try to make these points clearer.
The paper is overall generally well written, but could be made clearer at several points. See my specific comments below. I recommend the manuscript for publication in Atmos. Chem. Phys. if the authors can address my general and specific comments.
Specific comments:
P1, l13: “Severe vortex-wide ozone loss in the Arctic would expose nearly 650 million people and ecosystem to unhealthy ultra-violet radiation levels.” The number of 650 million people does not appear in the body of the manuscript and is not backed-up by any citation. So I suggest removing this explicit statement here from the abstract.
p1, l22: “the very colder Arctic winters in the near future will experience even more ozone loss”: do you mean Arctic winters in the near future will become colder? On what basis is this claim made? Or do you mean the coldest Arctic winters in the near future within the current range of variability? But why should they experience very likely even larger losses?
p1, l22: language: “Our study suggests that the very colder Arctic winters in near future would also very likely to experience even more ozone loss and encounter ozone hole situations, provided the stratospheric chlorine levels still stay high there.” -> “Our study suggests that colder Arctic winters in the near future would likely experience even more ozone loss and encounter ozone hole situations, as long as stratospheric chlorine levels remain high.”
p1, l30: why did the Antarctic ozone loss peak in the late 1980s when polar stratospheric chlorine loading peaked around the early 2000s?
p2, l42: “e.g., > 1.5ppmv of loss” seems arbitrary. Please motivate this value
p2,l43: 25-30% in which metric? The statement on 1.5ppmv above clearly refers to loss at a certain altitude. On a given altitude, previous Arctic winters (such as 1999/2000 or 2010/11) experienced losses far greater than 25-30% (e.g., Sinnhuber et al., 2000; Sinnhuber et al., 2011). Please be specific which metric this refers to: column loss with the vortex, column loss poleward of a certain latitude, local loss, …
p2, l46: “short-lived” is what sense?
P2, l50: “ozone loss is found to be proportional to the timing of the major warmings”: I think I know what you mean, but this statement is not very clear
P2,l53: “The occurrence of extreme events is a signature of climate change and so are the extreme cold winters with large loss in ozone (e.g. IPCC, 2007)” Sorry, it may be true that under a changing climate the occurrence of extreme cold winters may increase, but it is not at all clear if there is a trend towards more extreme events in Arctic stratospheric temperatures and whether or not it is related to climate change! This statement is not backed-up by IPCC, 2007.
p2,l62: would be good to have references for the data sets
p2,l64: latitude and longitudes swapped for Alert
p2,l65: Do the 5-10% refer only to the sondes, or also to the satellite profile data?
p3, l70: GOME -> GOME-2 ?
p3, l74: “and other trace gas profiles”: which?
p3,l75: does OMPS provide temperature profiles?
p3, l80: what is poisson_grid_fill ? Reference?
p3, l84: if the precision varies so strongly, maybe better to give percentage uncertainty?
p3, l87: not clear to me how well justified this extrapolation is. Does this extrapolation takes into account the tropospheric N2O VMR?
p4, l114: “longest winters”? You mean latest vortex break-up? Or coldest winters?
p4, l129: “PSC area” -> “potential PSC area”. Please make clear, that this is not area of observed PSCs but area of temperatures cold enough for formation of PSCs.
p5 ,l133: “in 40 years”: where there colder temperatures before, or are these the coldest ever observed?
p5, l133: “the largest ice PSC “: This is likely not a single cloud, but an area of temperatures cold enough for the formation of ice PSCs
p5, l143-150: This general discussion of the relation between wave activity and vortex strength can be moved to the introduction.
p5, l159: “occupied the entire polar region”: how do you define polar region? North of 60N? Or entire vortex?
p6, l165-168: can be removed, redundant
p6, l188: didn’t Rex define APSC and VPSC as the temporal integral of PSC area and volume, respectively?
p7, l196: From Fig. 3: I don’t see a gradual descent of loss from the middle stratosphere to the lower stratosphere: I see some (small) loss above 600K in December and much larger losses in the lower stratosphere (below 600K) beginning in December as well and intensifying during January. Or does this statement refer to earlier winters?
p7, l200: chlorine activation does not require sunlight, but high levels of ClO do
p7, l216: the high levels of ClO in airmasses with low PV are very surprising. The high ClO suggests that the reductions are not only “dynamically driven”? Would be great to have a bit more discussion at this point.
p7, l220: citations seem out of place
p9, l264: “chlorine activation and ozone loss is limited to the winters with very low temperatures in December–February” this statement is somewhat incorrect
p9, l268: “ozone loss in the winter 2011 was about 1.0 ppmv (or 30–40 DU),”: I don’t understand what these numbers refer to. E.g., Sinnhuber et al., 2011, derived maximum ozone loss in Arctic winter 2010/11 of more than 2ppm at 19km and more than 120 DU column loss. Is this what is meant in the next sentence: “which is higher than that of other Arctic winters (about 2.1–2.3 ppmv or 100–100 DU)”? (100-100DU is a typo anyway, I guess.) Is the first sentence then referring to loss before February only?
p9, l77: “undoubtedly” is a strong word. I suggest to remove.
Fig. 5: I couldn’t find for which period in the given years the ClO profiles are shown. Are these maximum values or temporal averages? Any idea why ClO is so much higher above 550K in the Antarctic in 2019 compared to 2015 – keeping in mind that 2019 was a rather warm and disturbed Antarctic spring?
Section 3.5, Fig. 6: When discussing the maximum ClO amounts in the past winters, it would be interesting to put this into context of the EESC (or similar metric): By how much has total chlorine (or EESC, …) decreased between 2005 and 2020?
p11, l346: how exactly is saturation (“complete loss of ozone”) defined here? In reality ozone is of course never completely gone. Okay, I see further down at l359 that you define this as below 200ppbv with a reference to Smit et al. (2007). I believe it would be good to include a brief justification here, why this is a useful definition for loss saturation.
p11, l347: Again, I don’t understand the meaning of “ozone loss normally happens only up to 25–30% in the Arctic winters”. Local loss in previous cold Arctic winters was clearly larger than 30%.
Fig. 5: Please indicate the dates for the sonde profiles.
p12, l362: “the loss saturation suggests that the Arctic has entered an exigent climate change scenario”: again, it is not self-evident, why this is a sign of climate change and not just an extreme winter within the range of variability. Same comment applies to l403.
p12, l380: Just for curiosity: why are GOME measurements more restricted in latitude than OMI or OMPS? I thought all three use similar wavelengths ranges?
p12, l389: contradiction: in the previous sentence it is stated that a column loss of about 90-120 DU occurs in extreme winters such as 2005 and 2011 and in the next, the largest observed loss was 100 DU in 2011. Sorry, but these small contradictions are very confusing and make for a tiresome reading.
P14, l437: “Extreme weather events are harbingers of climate change”: See comments above on extremes and climate change.
Technical corrections
p2, l61: ->”We have used two satellite ozone profile datasets.”
p2, l77: ER5 -> ERA5
p2,l78/79: active and passive voice changes
p6, l186: ozone AND N2O
p7, l227: present IN all
p9, l286: Wohltmann
p12, l369: by Nash et al.
p13, l404: not present continuously
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CC1: 'Comment on acp-2020-1313', Gloria Manney, 31 Mar 2021
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Please see accompanying PDF file.
Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath et al.
Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath et al.
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