ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 1680-7375 Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-2024-4 Technical note: Theoretical and experimental investigation of isotopic exchange between water vapour and droplets under isothermal saturation conditions Bai Wenwen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-2077 1 2 3 4 Wei Jiahua 1 2 3 4 5 Ni Sanchuan 1 2 3 4 Yao Zhanyu 6 Liu Yifeng 1 2 3 4 Ding Jingjing https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5228-9663 1 2 3 4 Wang Kaiyu 1 2 3 4 Liu Nan 1 2 3 4 Wang Liner 1 2 3 4 Wu Miao 1 2 3 4 School of Civil Engineering and Water Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China Laboratory of Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development in the Upper Yellow River, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China Key Laboratory of Water Ecology Remediation and Protection at Headwater Regions of Big Rivers, Ministry of Water Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering/Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China Weather Modification Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China 30 05 2024 2024 1 23 Copyright: © 2024 Wenwen Bai et al. 2024 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2024-4/ The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2024-4/acp-2024-4.pdf

Water cycle process will deeply affect water vapour isotope composition, in addition to the evaporation and condensation processes, the exchange process is also a crucial process that influences isotopic variations. To explore the mechanism of isotope exchange under isothermal saturation conditions, we developed an isotope exchange calculation equation for water vapour (IECEWV) based on the conservation of exchange quantity and conducted indoor trials with 100 control groups to validate the IECEWV. The experimental findings demonstrated that the isotopic values of water vapour exhibited enrichment, depletion, and stabilisation during the exchange process when the droplet size first increased and then stabilised, because of the interaction between the exchange state, isotopic gradients, and specific surface area of the droplets according to IECEWV. The variation trend of IECEWV calculated isotopes in water vapour was consistent with experimental value, with average maximum relative errors of 1.66 % for <em>&delta;</em><sup>2</sup>H and 3.19 % for <em>&delta;</em><sup>18</sup>O, and IECEWV analysis further indicates isotopes exchange can lead to the hydrogen and oxygen isotope line of water vapour deviate from the origin. Furthermore, the linear relationship between hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water vapour after exchanged can be characterised by linear clusters with the same slope, the<em> d</em>-excess of water vapour remains essentially constant. Future studies may combine the IECEWV with the Rayleigh fractionation model to explore the coordinated changes in precipitation and atmospheric water vapour isotopes.