the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Effects of Secondary Organic Aerosol Water on fine PM levels and composition over US
Stylianos Kakavas
Spyros Pandis
Athanasios Nenes
Abstract. Water is a key component of atmospheric aerosol, affecting many aerosol processes including gas/particle partitioning of semi-volatile compounds. Water related to secondary organic aerosol (SOAW) is often neglected in atmospheric chemical transport models and is not considered in gas-to-particle partitioning calculations for inorganic species. We use a new inorganic aerosol thermodynamics model, ISORROPIA-lite, which considers the effects of SOAW, to perform chemical transport model simulations for a year over the continental United States to quantify its effects on aerosol mass concentration and composition. SOAW can increase average fine aerosol water levels up to a factor of two when secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major PM1 component. This is often the case in the south-eastern U.S where SOA concentrations are higher. Although the annual average impact of this added water on total dry PM1 concentrations due to increased partitioning of nitrate and ammonium is small (up to 0.1 μg m−3), total dry PM1 increases of up to 2 μg m−3 (with nitrate levels increases up to 200 %) can occur when RH levels and PM1 concentrations are high.
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Stylianos Kakavas et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on acp-2022-815', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Feb 2023
Review of “Effects of Secondary organic aerosol on fine PM levels and composition over the U.S.” by Kakavas et al.
This manuscript describes air quality model simulations with PMCAMx of North America with focus on the U.S. The model simulations include ISORROPIA-lite to simulate aerosol liquid water not only from inorganic PM constituents, but with water uptake contributed from secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constituents. The authors investigate the amount and relative change in aerosol water, dry mass from nitrate, HCl, HNO3, and ammonium due to this process. The authors find ubiquitous increase in predicted wet and dry PM1 mass concentrations. The authors identify an important and interesting topic regarding interactions among water uptake, organic aerosol species formed in situ and the impacts on particle-phase chemical composition.
There is no connection of model predictions to measurements and it is difficult to understand if the changes represent improved predictive skill. The authors generally provide little to no support for employed values (e.g., kappa, density) or the city selection. If statistical tests were performed, for example, to determine that the 1% difference in PM1 dry mass is statistically significant – they are not discussed. Would such change be sufficient to be detected in an observational network or during a field campaign?
I cannot support publication of this manuscript in its present form. Provided the comments below are addressed the manuscript may be publishable.
Detailed Comments:
This a 3-D modeling study, and authors make no connection to field observations. The title should reflect that. For example, “Effect of simulated ….”
The authors motivate their work with discussion of PM2.5, and classify all of their results in terms of PM1. Why the disconnect? Further, how was [PM1] calculated from model output? This is not described in main text or supplemental information.
Line 37: “Potassium levels can be significant … biomass burning” This sentence seems a little out of place, especially given the Cl discussion regarding biomass burning later in the manuscript (lines 171-173). Also, is the review paper by Pye et al, the best reference for this point?
The HCl hotspot in KS should be addressed. In the text, chlorine species are discussed primarily in relation to their presence due to biomass burning, which (I don’t think) is happening in the KS hotspot.
Line 50: Does “a lot more hygroscopic” have a quantitative meaning?
Line 117 and Line 119: can justification be provided for the Kappa and SOA density values?
Can the authors defend the use of the kappa values in the context of a regional simulation or evaluation focused on discussion of urban areas? In the simulations here, aromatic SOA has the same hygroscopic properties and density as ‘aged’ SOA? Why not pick a higher and lower bounds-0.3 to 0.05? Or better yet, why not apply k values based on chemical information of SOA species since the authors have that information from the model? Any which way, some reasoning for the chosen kappa values is needed.
Why were the particular cities selected? Why are they introduced in the end?
It is difficult to accurately measure RH above ~95%. Did the authors screen out any RH values when evaluating water mass predictions?
The authors state “The model performance has been evaluated for fine PM and its components for the examined period by Skyllakou et al. (2021).” What did they find? For example, in these simulations there is a universal increase in PM1 mass. Was such a one-way bias observed in Skyllakou? Does this model configuration address model bias in a way that enhances predictive skill? From my quick read of Skyllakou it appears there is often a positive bias (overpredition) of PM2.5 mass concentrations. To what degree does this new model process exacerbate bias and error?
Starting at line 217: “Aerosol liquid water directly affects the PM sensitivity and dry deposition rates, with direct implications for emissions control policy.” It reads awkwardly to introduce these new ideas in the last paragraph of the manuscript.
The finding that increasing the amount of liquid water increasing nitrate concentrations is an important finding in the spirt and context of this sentence – but the authors gloss over this.
Table S1: Can the authors provide quantitative meaning or context for “low”, “high” and “modest”? How does RH change in these areas?
Sacramento is listed as “low” SOA in Table S1. Sacramento is one of the top 20 most polluted cities in U.S. AMS studies in Davis, CA & Cool, CA (i.e., near Sacramento) are heavily organic dominated. Can the authors defend the choice to characterize Sacramento as ‘low’?
Editorial:
The months used for the seasonal definitions are not provided.
The y-axis in the first row of Fig. S7 is log scale. Why? There should be a note in the Figure caption each time the axes differ.
The authors rely on some supplemental figures heavily, referring to them many times. They should probably be in the main text.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-815-RC1 - AC1: 'Reply to Reviewer 1 Comments', Athanasios Nenes, 11 Apr 2023
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RC2: 'Comment on acp-2022-815', Anonymous Referee #2, 10 Feb 2023
General comments:
With the abstract, I thought the highlight of this manuscript should be that authors have incorporated ISORROPIA-lite into the chemical transport model therefore letting the 3-D models capable of considering impacts of aerosol water associated with organic aerosol (ALW_org) on the partitioning of semi-volatile vapors which excited me for a while because this is really important, however this was already done in Kakavas et al. (2022). Impacts of increased aerosol water on PM1 aerosols including their chemical compositions was also evaluated in Kakavas et al. (2022) although focused region in Kakavas et al. (2022) is Europe. In view of this, this manuscript should advance further the scientific understanding of the significant roles of ALW_org in atmospheric chemistry simulations, however, this manuscript just looks like a report of a sensitivity test of hygroscopicity parameter kappa over United states. The presentations of the results focus only on percentage increase/decrease of PM1 levels and aerosol water in different regions or sites, no insightful analysis was done. Most importantly, the model performance of SOA simulations was not evaluated against observations at all. It was well known that the performance of current chemistry models in simulating the heterogenous/multi-phase formations of SOA is not satisfactory (Miao et al., 2020) and might significantly underestimate SOA mass concentrations in regions that SOA formations associated with heterogenous/multi-phase reactions prevail, therefore numbers reported in this study might not be convincing at all. In addition, as demonstrated by authors, the variations of organic aerosol hygroscopicity (Kappa_OA) was also very important, however, the usage of Kappa_OA were not discussed. In general, discussions of this manuscript are very casual, and literature reviews about significant roles of ALW_org in atmospheric chemistry simulations is poor, for example, previous achievements regarding important roles of ALW_org are not discussed at all (Pye et al., 2017;Jathar et al., 2016;Li et al., 2020). Therefore, my recommendation is rejection.
Specific comments:
L40-42, The number of literatures with quantitative determination of aerosol water is relatively small, therefore, following references should also de included here: (Bian et al., 2014;Deetz et al., 2018;Kuang et al., 2018;Wu et al., 2018;Gopinath et al., 2022)
L48 Li et al. (2019) should be included here
L51 Kuang et al. (2020)
L59 Secondary aerosol formations
Bian, Y. X., Zhao, C. S., Ma, N., Chen, J., and Xu, W. Y.: A study of aerosol liquid water content based on hygroscopicity measurements at high relative humidity in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6417-6426, 10.5194/acp-14-6417-2014, 2014.
Deetz, K., Vogel, H., Haslett, S., Knippertz, P., Coe, H., and Vogel, B.: Aerosol liquid water content in the moist southern West African monsoon layer and its radiative impact, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14271-14295, 10.5194/acp-18-14271-2018, 2018.
Gopinath, A. K., Raj, S. S., Kommula, S. M., Jose, C., Panda, U., Bishambu, Y., Ojha, N., Ravikrishna, R., Liu, P., and Gunthe, S. S.: Complex Interplay Between Organic and Secondary Inorganic Aerosols With Ambient Relative Humidity Implicates the Aerosol Liquid Water Content Over India During Wintertime, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127, e2021JD036430, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036430, 2022.
Jathar, S. H., Mahmud, A., Barsanti, K. C., Asher, W. E., Pankow, J. F., and Kleeman, M. J.: Water uptake by organic aerosol and its influence on gas/particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol in the United States, Atmospheric Environment, 129, 142-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.001, 2016.
Kakavas, S., Pandis, S. N., and Nenes, A.: ISORROPIA-Lite: A Comprehensive Atmospheric Aerosol Thermodynamics Module
for Earth System Models, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 74, 1, 10.16993/tellusb.33, 2022.
Kuang, Y., Zhao, C. S., Zhao, G., Tao, J. C., Xu, W., Ma, N., and Bian, Y. X.: A novel method for calculating ambient aerosol liquid water content based on measurements of a humidified nephelometer system, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 11, 2967-2982, 10.5194/amt-11-2967-2018, 2018.
Kuang, Y., Xu, W., Tao, J., Ma, N., Zhao, C., and Shao, M.: A Review on Laboratory Studies and Field Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Hygroscopicity and Its Parameterization Based on Oxidation Levels, Current Pollution Reports, 10.1007/s40726-020-00164-2, 2020.
Li, J., Zhang, H., Ying, Q., Wu, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Li, X., Sun, Y., Hu, M., Zhang, Y., and Hu, J.: Impacts of water partitioning and polarity of organic compounds on secondary organic aerosol over Eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2020, 1-35, 10.5194/acp-2019-1200, 2020.
Li, X., Song, S., Zhou, W., Hao, J., Worsnop, D. R., and Jiang, J.: Interactions between aerosol organic components and liquid water content during haze episodes in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12163-12174, 10.5194/acp-19-12163-2019, 2019.
Miao, R., Chen, Q., Zheng, Y., Cheng, X., Sun, Y., Palmer, P. I., Shrivastava, M., Guo, J., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Tan, Z., Ma, X., Chen, S., Zeng, L., Lu, K., and Zhang, Y.: Model bias in simulating major chemical components of PM2.5 in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12265-12284, 10.5194/acp-20-12265-2020, 2020.
Pye, H. O. T., Murphy, B. N., Xu, L., Ng, N. L., Carlton, A. G., Guo, H., Weber, R., Vasilakos, P., Appel, K. W., Budisulistiorini, S. H., Surratt, J. D., Nenes, A., Hu, W., Jimenez, J. L., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Misztal, P. K., and Goldstein, A. H.: On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 343-369, 10.5194/acp-17-343-2017, 2017.
Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Tan, T., Zhu, Y., Li, M., Shang, D., Wang, H., Lu, K., Guo, S., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol Liquid Water Driven by Anthropogenic Inorganic Salts: Implying Its Key Role in Haze Formation over the North China Plain, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00021, 2018.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-815-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply to Reviewer 2 Comments', Athanasios Nenes, 11 Apr 2023
Stylianos Kakavas et al.
Stylianos Kakavas et al.
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