the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A change in the relation between the Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole and the South Atlantic Ocean Dipole indices in the past four decades
- 1MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- 2Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- 3Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- 4National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing, China
- 1MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- 2Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- 3Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- 4National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing, China
Abstract. We utilized the global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) and reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) data from 1979 through 2020 to examine the stability of the relationship between the SST oscillations in the southern Indian and the Atlantic Oceans described by the Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole (SIOD) and the South Atlantic Ocean Dipole (SAOD) indices. We note a significant positive correlation between the two indices prior to the year 2000 but practically no correlation afterwards. We show that in the two decades prior to 2000, a positive phase of SAOD is associated with more convective activities over the subtropical southern Atlantic Ocean and eastern Brazil, which trigger a stronger upper-atmosphere wavetrain, and further produces stronger southern subtropical highs and surface anti-cyclonic circulations and therefore a stronger correlation between the two indices. The situation is reversed after 2000. Our results are potentially applicable for predictions of precipitation in southern Africa and South America.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Preprint
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Lejiang Yu et al.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on acp-2022-562', Anonymous Referee #1, 26 Sep 2022
This is a nice study discussing the changing relationship between the subtropical dipoles in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The manuscript is generally written well, but I have a few minor concerns that the authors need to respond to.Â
The relationships discussed in the manuscript are mostly based on statistics. The causality as mentioned in line 176 needs to be supported by some analyses with dynamical models or further diagnostics. It is possible that the convective activities in the subtropical western Atlantic could be triggering a wavetrain, but how that wavetrain influences the subtropical high of the Indian Ocean, leading to the formation of the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole, is not clear in the present study. The authors need to add more diagnostics to clarify that relationship and hence the causality. Furthermore, the triggering/development of the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole could be associated with other factors besides the one originating in the Atlantic Ocean as discussed in the manuscript. That also needs to be discussed to clarify how the Indian Ocean subtropical dipoles continued to develop after 2000. Please also discuss the number of dipoles observed in both basins prior to and after the year 2000.
I found a few typos. Authors should carefully check the manuscript.Â
Ln 140; relateda => related a
Sometimes SIOD is mentioned as IOSD in the manuscript. Either of them should be used consistently.Â
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Lejiang Yu, 18 Oct 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on acp-2022-562', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 Sep 2022
The manuscript by Lejiang Yu et al. investigated the change in the relation of SIOD and SAOD in recent decades. They suggested that this change is related to the convective activities over the subtropical southern Atlantic Ocean and eastern Brazil . Most of the results presented in this paper are based on statistical analyses. The authors did not provide a convincible physical mechanism behind this statistical connection. I recommend this manuscript might be considered for publication in ACP after a major revision. Please find below the suggestions I have for this manuscript.
Major comments:1. Fauchereau et al. (2003) suggested that the covariabilty is due to an atmospheric wavenumber-4 pattern in the globe. In contradiction, this study suggests the linkage to the south Atlantic Indian Ocean wave Lin (2019). Why such contradictory results?
2. The South Atlantic Indian Ocean atmospheric wave was seen active even after the year 2000 (Lin, 2019). Then, why SIOD and SAOD became unrelated after 2000?
3. Figure 3 shows the appearance of SST Wavenumber-4 (Senapati et al.(2021)) before 2000 in both the cases of SIOD and SAOD. Also, the weakening of the SST Wavenumber-4 pattern is related to South Pacific Meridional Mode noticed after 2000 as discussed by senapati et al. (2022). Also, a change in SIOD activity is noticed by Zhang, Lei, et al. (2022). These mechanisms need to discuss.Â
Senapati, Balaji, Dash, M. K., & Behera, S. K. (2022). Decadal variability of southern subtropical SST wavenumber-4 pattern and its impact. Geophysical Research Letters, e2022GL099046. doi:10.1029/2022GL099046
Zhang, Lei, et al. "Eastward Shift of Interannual Climate Variability in the South Indian Ocean since 1950." Journal of Climate 35.2 (2022): 561-575.
4. Are composite maps agree with this proposed mechanism?
5. Line 164-172: How the weakening of the wave train is related to the interdecadal variability of the OLR activities? Since all the analyses presented in this paper are conducted using detrended anomaly fields, I cannot understand why the wave train weakens in response to the interdecadal variability of the OLR activities. Also, I could not understand the interdecadal variability of OLR anomalies which is dynamic. What drives it?Â6. Show significant areas in Figures 4c-f, 6c-f, and 7c-d. Activities in other regions create ambiguity for the proposed mechanism.
7. Line 191-193 : "The large decrease in the strength of the summertime subtropical high associated with SAOD from the first two decades to the next two (Figure 7c, 7d) corroborates the sharp drop in the SAOD-SIOD correlation (Figure 1d)". I can't understand how the change in the strength of subtropical highs in both basins affects the SAOD-SIOD relationship.
Minor comments:1. Line 161 : Replace "SST anomalies" to "OLR anomalies"
2. Figure 5 : Provide the colorbar. Have you detrended?
3. Line 140: Replace "relateda" to "related a"
4. Mention the calculation of anomaly in the methodology section
5. Figure 1 : What do you mean by spatial pattern? How is it calculated?
6. Change figure captions a-d starting from left to right instead of top to bottom.
Â
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Lejiang Yu, 18 Oct 2022
- AC3: 'Comment on acp-2022-562', Lejiang Yu, 18 Oct 2022
Peer review completion
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on acp-2022-562', Anonymous Referee #1, 26 Sep 2022
This is a nice study discussing the changing relationship between the subtropical dipoles in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The manuscript is generally written well, but I have a few minor concerns that the authors need to respond to.Â
The relationships discussed in the manuscript are mostly based on statistics. The causality as mentioned in line 176 needs to be supported by some analyses with dynamical models or further diagnostics. It is possible that the convective activities in the subtropical western Atlantic could be triggering a wavetrain, but how that wavetrain influences the subtropical high of the Indian Ocean, leading to the formation of the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole, is not clear in the present study. The authors need to add more diagnostics to clarify that relationship and hence the causality. Furthermore, the triggering/development of the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole could be associated with other factors besides the one originating in the Atlantic Ocean as discussed in the manuscript. That also needs to be discussed to clarify how the Indian Ocean subtropical dipoles continued to develop after 2000. Please also discuss the number of dipoles observed in both basins prior to and after the year 2000.
I found a few typos. Authors should carefully check the manuscript.Â
Ln 140; relateda => related a
Sometimes SIOD is mentioned as IOSD in the manuscript. Either of them should be used consistently.Â
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Lejiang Yu, 18 Oct 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on acp-2022-562', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 Sep 2022
The manuscript by Lejiang Yu et al. investigated the change in the relation of SIOD and SAOD in recent decades. They suggested that this change is related to the convective activities over the subtropical southern Atlantic Ocean and eastern Brazil . Most of the results presented in this paper are based on statistical analyses. The authors did not provide a convincible physical mechanism behind this statistical connection. I recommend this manuscript might be considered for publication in ACP after a major revision. Please find below the suggestions I have for this manuscript.
Major comments:1. Fauchereau et al. (2003) suggested that the covariabilty is due to an atmospheric wavenumber-4 pattern in the globe. In contradiction, this study suggests the linkage to the south Atlantic Indian Ocean wave Lin (2019). Why such contradictory results?
2. The South Atlantic Indian Ocean atmospheric wave was seen active even after the year 2000 (Lin, 2019). Then, why SIOD and SAOD became unrelated after 2000?
3. Figure 3 shows the appearance of SST Wavenumber-4 (Senapati et al.(2021)) before 2000 in both the cases of SIOD and SAOD. Also, the weakening of the SST Wavenumber-4 pattern is related to South Pacific Meridional Mode noticed after 2000 as discussed by senapati et al. (2022). Also, a change in SIOD activity is noticed by Zhang, Lei, et al. (2022). These mechanisms need to discuss.Â
Senapati, Balaji, Dash, M. K., & Behera, S. K. (2022). Decadal variability of southern subtropical SST wavenumber-4 pattern and its impact. Geophysical Research Letters, e2022GL099046. doi:10.1029/2022GL099046
Zhang, Lei, et al. "Eastward Shift of Interannual Climate Variability in the South Indian Ocean since 1950." Journal of Climate 35.2 (2022): 561-575.
4. Are composite maps agree with this proposed mechanism?
5. Line 164-172: How the weakening of the wave train is related to the interdecadal variability of the OLR activities? Since all the analyses presented in this paper are conducted using detrended anomaly fields, I cannot understand why the wave train weakens in response to the interdecadal variability of the OLR activities. Also, I could not understand the interdecadal variability of OLR anomalies which is dynamic. What drives it?Â6. Show significant areas in Figures 4c-f, 6c-f, and 7c-d. Activities in other regions create ambiguity for the proposed mechanism.
7. Line 191-193 : "The large decrease in the strength of the summertime subtropical high associated with SAOD from the first two decades to the next two (Figure 7c, 7d) corroborates the sharp drop in the SAOD-SIOD correlation (Figure 1d)". I can't understand how the change in the strength of subtropical highs in both basins affects the SAOD-SIOD relationship.
Minor comments:1. Line 161 : Replace "SST anomalies" to "OLR anomalies"
2. Figure 5 : Provide the colorbar. Have you detrended?
3. Line 140: Replace "relateda" to "related a"
4. Mention the calculation of anomaly in the methodology section
5. Figure 1 : What do you mean by spatial pattern? How is it calculated?
6. Change figure captions a-d starting from left to right instead of top to bottom.
Â
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Lejiang Yu, 18 Oct 2022
- AC3: 'Comment on acp-2022-562', Lejiang Yu, 18 Oct 2022
Peer review completion
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Lejiang Yu et al.
Lejiang Yu et al.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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