the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regional PM2.5 pollution confined by atmospheric internal boundaries in the North China Plain: 2. boundary layer structures and numerical simulation
- 1College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- 2School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- 3Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- 1College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Lab of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- 2School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- 3Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Abstract. This study reveals and summarizes mesoscale planetary boundary layer (PBL) structures for various pollution patterns in the North China Plain. Three pollution categories have been classified, in terms of the influence of the atmospheric internal boundary (AIB) that significantly determines the distribution and concentration of PM2.5. The Weather Research and Forecast model is used to simulate the PBL structure in this region, and its performance is firstly evaluated using surface observations and intensive soundings data. Observed AIBs and PBL evolution are reasonably reproduced. Simulation results for three pollution categories illustrate respective PBL structures, as well the relationship with the mesoscale AIBs. The first category corresponds to the severest pollution and occurs most frequently (~41 %). The PBL structure is laterally confined by a warm front as a sharp AIB and vertically suppressed by a dome-like elevated temperature inversion, which constitutes a stable and enclosed circumstance, most favorable to pollution formation. The second category is characterized by wind shear line/zone as AIB, with dynamic convergence in the PBL as the dominant cause for PM2.5 accumulation. Three shear modes consist of this category, two of which are related to pressure troughs with the convergence layer of the order of the PBL depth. Another shear mode presents a much thicker convergence layer with a depth of about 3000 m, under the saddle-shaped pressure field. This category corresponds to lighter air pollution, with a frequency of 29 %. The PBL of the third category is laterally delineated by a cold-air damming AIB at the foot of the mountains on the windward side. It manifests as a low-temperature and weak-wind air mass accompanied by an elevated inversion and a convergent flow with a thickness as high as mountains. This PBL structure maintains through day and night within the AIB confined zone, while the ordinary diurnal variation of the PBL occurs outside this zone. 14 % of pollution episodes belong to this category. There remain about 16 % pollution episodes undefined by the AIB influence. They may need to be analyzed separately in the future.
Xipeng Jin et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on acp-2022-48', Anonymous Referee #1, 21 Mar 2022
Summary
The manuscript investigated the three-dimensional PBL structures under various pollution types in the North China Plain (NCP) by using the WRF model during autumn and winter of seven years (2014-2020). They proposed three pollution PBL types (frontal category, wind shear category, and topographic obstruction pollution category) and investigated the two main types of wind shear category and topographic obstruction category through case studies in this paper. Such work is a good supplement to the synoptic-scale and boundary-layer scale studies and I believe it will be of interest to the community of atmospheric pollution and boundary-layer meteorology. Overall, the paper is logically structured and well written. However, some details and explanations on methods and data need to provide to justify and support the conclusions. Thereby, I suggest a major revision before the paper can be accepted by Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. My detailed comments are listed below.
Major comments
- My first concern is about the use of the WRF model. Given this study is focused on the different types of aerosol pollution cases, then using the atmospheric chemical transport model WRF-Chem or WRF-CMAQ to simulate these pollution events sounds more plausible than the pure-meteorological model WRF. Otherwise, it is difficult to convince the reader that these pollution cases are reasonably captured without evaluating the performance of simulating PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, the interaction between aerosols and boundary layer can modify the PBL thermal and dynamic structures, so I wonder if the pure-meteorological model WRF is suitable for investigating such pollution cases. The authors at least give some discussions on this.
- Since PBL height is a key parameter in characterizing the PBL structures and the pollution formation mechanism, I am afraid that the authors fail to present this diagnosed variable in the whole manuscript, either for simulation or observation. Moreover, I suggest the author present the vertical cross-sections of potential temperature (like Figure 7) for wind shear category and topographic obstruction category in the supplementary materials to justify that those cases do not belong to the first frontal category.
Minor comments
- Lines 1-2. I suggest the author give the study period in this sentence, otherwise, this sentence will be inaccurate.
- Line 36. Should be “Petäjä et al., 2016”.
- Line 100. Should be “from December 25, 2017, to January 24, 2018”.
- Line 103. Please give the full name of LT and UTC when they appeared for the first time.
- Lines 107-108. What does the original data mean here?
- Lines 115-116. Could you show the comparison of the observational and simulated PBL depth?
- Lines 131-133. I wonder if the vertical grid resolution is enough to resolve the PBL structure. It is better to give the detailed height of the model level within 2 km?
- Line 148. The authors do not mention this study period in section 2.1.
- Figure 2. I am wondering why the authors present PM5 concentrations at different sites for these three cases?
- Figure 3. Please state the figure represents observation data in the caption.
- Figure 4. The figure looks very unclear. I think it should be re-plotted with making the wind vector line thinner.
- Table 1. Give the units of those presented variables.
- Figure 6. Again, it seems that there is an intensive GPS sounding observation during October 7–12, 2014, but the author did not mention such observation in section 2.1.
- Line 314. Should be “ 5 &8”.
- Line 315 and Figure 7. Why do the authors present the results at 1500 LT and 2200 LT in this front category, but illustrate them at 1400 LT and 2300 LT for other categories? It is better to keep consistent.
- Line 322, “Figs. 5 &8” is different from the description of the figure caption, please check and keep consistent.
- Line 324. No Fig.7c-d, please add them in figure 7.
- Line 325-326. It is difficult to see the change of the PBL height; I suggest the authors add the diagnosed PBL height in Figure 7 and other figures (e.g., Fig. 8, 9, 10, 11) to better support their explanations.
- Line 420. Should be PBL height in Jinan had increased to 1100 m.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Xipeng Jin, 13 May 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on acp-2022-48', Anonymous Referee #2, 19 Apr 2022
GENERAL COMMENTS
Note: the reviewer had only access to part 2 of the study. Publication of part 1 is needed before publication of part 2.
In the manuscript by Jin et al., three representative cases of pollution in the North China Plain are selected and discussed. The corresponding meteorological conditions simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are presented. In a first part, these simulations are validated by comparison with the observed spatial distribution of near-surface potential temperature and wind velocity, and with the vertical profiles of wind speed and potential temperature from soundings. In the second part, the three-dimensional structure of the meteorological systems is analysed for each of the three cases with reference to the dynamics of the pollution dispersion.
The manuscript presents the extensive work done by the authors, which may be of interest to the scientific community, but it is not always effective in clearly explaining the relationship between the meteorological conditions and the pollution dispersion (e.g., cases 1 and 2). Additionally, the reading is further complicated by to the very poor English. The structure of the manuscript could be also improved. Hence, the manuscript can be accepted only after major changes.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
1. The dynamics of the pollution diffusion are only addressed from a meteorological perspective, in terms of transport and horizontal/vertical dispersion processes. Emissions (e.g., their spatial distribution and their temporal variations) are not even mentioned. The authors should state why emissions are of secondary importance compared to the meteorological configuration they deepen in their manuscript, and why chemical transport models (e.g., WRF-Chem) are not needed/advised for the interpretation of these results.
2. While for case 3 the results of the meteorological simulations and the pollution dispersion dynamics are clearly explained, this is not the case, in my opinion, for cases 1 and 2. I think that the authors should better relate their numerical results with the pollution dispersion dynamics, i.e. by discussing the relation between Figs. 8-9 with Fig. 3 in the corresponding cases.
3. The structure of the paper could be improved. Figure 12 is very explanatory and, in my opinion, should be shown at the beginning of the manuscript, in order to introduce the cases. However, it should be clearly stated from the beginning that the "frontal category" is not addressed in the paper, as it has been already discussed by Jin et al. 2021 (otherwise the reader will be convinced that the three cases discussed in the manuscript are the three ones shown in the figure). Hence, the paragraph "Frontal category" at page 13 and the corresponding Fig. 7, referring to a case that is not properly introduced (2 December 2017) should be removed.
TECHNICAL REMARKS
- Is "Atmospheric Internal Boundaries" common expression? I have found very few papers referring to AIB, with part of them using it with reference to the tropopause. Moreover, case 3 is essentially due to orographic obstruction, therefore I wonder if this expression should be used at all;
- large part of the abstract (e.g., classification, percentage of occurrence, etc.) describes the work done in part 1 paper (as clarified in the Introduction), therefore the abstract should be rewritten in a more specific way for the present manuscript. It should rather focus on the results of the validation and use of numerical weather simulations to explain the pollution dispersion. The first category should not even mentioned, as this was already studied in a previous publication. Mention of the sub-categories in the abstract is premature (l. 10-14 are obscure to the reader). Also, no classification (l. 2) is made in the present manuscript, but rather some representative cases are chosen and discussed;
- please, revise use of "the/a" articles, which are missing in many sentences, e.g. at l. 1, 7, 19, 117, 277, 351;
- as well "as": l. 7, 496;
- l. 29: "is" --> "plays";
- l. 31-32: what "property"? What "variation"?
- l. 51: Do you mean "At the intermediate scale"?
- l. 67, "is still insufficient": any bibliographic reference to support this sentence?
- l. 79: missing conjunction?
- l. 86: "associate" --> "associated";
- l. 88: "the" --> "an";
- l. 106: "was" --> "were";
- l. 114: "the three-point moving average method" --> "a three-point moving average", unless a more specific technique is meant here (reference needed in that case);
- l. 126, 341: "pentagram" --> "star"; "pentables" --> "stars";
- l. 137, "three categories/six types": it is difficult to understand the relationship between the "categories" and the "types";
- l. 141-142: is the frontal case was already studies in a previous paper, there is no need to recapitulate it here;
- l. 142-145: too much detail relative to part 1. The reader should be able to understand this manuscript independently from the first part;
- l. 156: the two peaks are not clear in all sites. Also, Fig. 2a does not show the formation stage (increasing concentrations) for most sites;
- l. 170-173: for case 1, the build-up seems to start also at the south-west side, not only along the mountains. For the same reason, it is difficult to state that the "pollution center has been transferred eastward";
- l. 205: "... southern edges"?
- l. 206 and 256: is "high-pressure invasion" a Chinese idiom?
- l. 215-218: clearly state that these are observations and that they are spatially interpolated based on Jin et al. 2021;
- l. 189: rephrase this sentence, it is unclear;
- Figs. 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10 are too small. Consider rotating them by 90° and displaying them at full page;
- l. 240: the large correlation coefficient of the potential temperature may be simply due to the day/night cycle, which is common in both the model and the observations, thus it is not representative of the model performances;
- l. 250-251: rephrase;
- l. 260-262: what "area"? Also, the main clause is missing;
- l. 264-265: "can be" --> "is";
- l. 280: "being" --> "playing";
- l. 308: "critical to" --> "critical for";
- l. 309-310: instead of listing all cases, wouldn't it be simpler to just say "For all cases"?
- l. 324: I cannot see any Figs. 7c-d;
- l. 332-336: if subtypes are not introduced, then rephrase without mentioning them;
- l. 365: "left" --> "west";
- l. 374 and 478: please, explain what you mean by "sub-synoptic scale characteristics/features";
- l. 394: "extracted" or "shown";
- l. 430, "more susceptible to the local property": unclear;
- l. 442-444: grammatically inconsistent, please rephrase;
- l. 460-470: this case is not discussed here, please remove this part;
- l. 502: "roughly" --> "rough".
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Xipeng Jin, 13 May 2022
Xipeng Jin et al.
Xipeng Jin et al.
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