the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement Report: Chemical components and 13C and 15N isotope ratios of fine aerosols over Tianjin, North China: Year-round observations
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Abstract. To better understand the origins, atmospheric processes and seasonality of atmospheric aerosols in North China, we collected fine aerosols (PM2.5) at an urban (Nankai District, ND) and a suburban (Haihe Education Park, HEP) sites in Tianjin from July 2018 to July 2019. The PM2.5 studied for carbonaceous, nitrogenous and ionic components and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of total carbon (δ13CTC) and nitrogen (δ15NTN). On average, mass concentration of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble OC (WSOC found to be higher in winter than that in summer at both ND and HEP. SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ were dominant ions and accounted for 89 % and 87 % of the total ionic mass at ND and HEP respectively. NO3− and NH4+ peaked in winter and minimized in summer, whereas SO42− was higher in summer at both the sites. δ13CTC and δ15NTN were −26.5−(−)21.9 ‰ and +1.01−(+)22.8 ‰, respectively, at ND and −25.5−(−)22.8 ‰ and +4.91−(+)18.6 ‰, respectively, at HEP. Based on seasonal variations in the measured parameters, we found that coal and biomass combustion emissions are dominant sources of PM2.5 in autumn and winter, while biological and/or marine emissions are important in spring and summer in the Tianjin region, North China. In addition, our results implied that the secondary formation pathways of secondary organic aerosols in autumn/winter were different from that in spring/summer, i.e., they were mainly driven by NO3 radicals in the former period.
Zhichao Dong et al.
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on acp-2022-291', Anonymous Referee #2, 11 Jul 2022
Title: Measurement Report: Chemical components and 13C and 15N isotope ratios of fine aerosols over Tianjin, North China: Year-round observations
Author(s): Zhichao Dong et al.
MS No.: acp-2022-291
MS type: Measurement reportGeneral comments:
This manuscript shows a detailed study on PM2.5 in urban and suburban site of North China city (Tianjin). The study focused on the concentrations of different chemical components including carbonaceous (EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC), nitrogenous (WSTN, IN, WSON) and other inorganic ions. Additionally, stable isotopes of total carbon and nitrogen in PM2.5 were also shown. This sufficient and comprehensive study can help us further understand the source and atmospheric processes of fine aerosols in regional scale, and the data could help to promote scientific progress within the scope of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. However, quite a lot of necessary information that needed to help understanding the whole manuscript is lacking, and the paper is poorly written, the language and expressions need to be further improved. Detailed comments could be found as follows:
Specific Comments:
1.Major comments on introduction. The study aimed to explore the origins and atmospheric processes of fine particles through seasonal variations of carbonaceous (EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC), nitrogenous (WSTN, IN, WSON), other inorganic ions and stable isotopes of TC and TN in urban and suburban site of Tianjin. Therefore, the background in introduction should include: why choose to study PM2.5? why EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC, WSTN, IN, WSON and stable isotopes are important in understanding the source and atmospheric process of aerosols? Why choose to study urban and suburban aerosols in Tianjin? Some of the information is presented in current version of the manuscript, however, more information needs to be added in introduction section. For example, the authors studied EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC in the PM2.5, however, there is only a simple introduction of EC and OC in the second paragraph, then why the authors also explored the seasonal variation of SOC, WSOC, WIOC? Are they important in understanding the source and atmospheric process of fine aerosols? Why? Similar problem also happens in nitrogenous components and other inorganic ions in introduction section. In addition, δ13CTC and δ15NTN of aerosols can be used to trace the emission source of aerosols, however, fractionation effects during the formation and transportation might modify the initial value of δ13C and δ15N from sources, which might lead to the uncertainties of directly using δ13C and δ15N in aerosols to trace source contributions. Therefore, the background about the role of fractionation effects in affecting the δ13C and δ15N in aerosols is important to understand the related result and its implications. However, no such information was found in current introduction section.
2.Major comments on Materials and methods. (1) Locations of the urban and suburban site needs to be indicated in a map to help better understanding of the results; (2) There are results of meteorology and backward air mass trajectories, however, no related information was found in Materials and methods section; (3) Necessary information is lacking. For example, what’s the flow rate of the air sampler during sampling period? This is important, cause the authors continuously sampling for 72-h each time, if the flow rate is high, then I’m wondering whether the filter will be saturated or not, especially in winter when PM2.5 is high; (3) Further explanation needs to be added to support the feasibility of the method. For example, the authors described “OC and EC were measured using OC/EC analyzer……, based on thermal light transmission ……and assuming the carbonate carbon was negligible.” Why the carbonate carbon is negligible, is it really negligible in aerosols of Tianjin? In addition, the authors described that “The N contents of NO2−, NO3− and NH4+ were calculated from their concentrations.” but how? the authors need to explain more. Lastly, there are quite large uncertainties in WSTN, WSON etc., however, the authors consider “……such errors do not influence the conclusions drawn from this study.”, why? explain more.
3.Major comments on Results and discussion. The prominent problems in results and discussion are that (1) no statistic analysis of the results; (2) no literatures or data are provided to support the some of the explanations of the results. For example, in section 3.2, the authors expressed that “Furthermore, the average concentration of PM2.5 found to be higher in spring than in autumn (Table 1), probably due to enhanced eruption of dust from open lands, due to gradual increase in wind speed in spring (Fig. 1).”. First of all, the concentration of PM2.5 is higher in spring than in autumn, is there any significant difference? Secondly, the authors owe this to “enhanced eruption of dust from open lands”, is there any reference to support this idea? For the other example, from lines 260-265, the authors said “…… the secondary formation of OC might be significant via adsorption and/or NO3 radical driven oxidation reactions of VOCs.” Are there any citations?? “…… the frequent precipitation events might result the enhanced wet deposition of……” Do you have any data about seasonal precipitation amount or reference to support this? These are only some examples chosen from the results and discussion section, in fact, there are quite a lot of sentences that need to be supported by reference. The authors need to carefully double check each sentence and complete with appropriate reference to confirm your conclusions.
Technical corrections:
Line 42: Move “(2127 and 1356 Gg, respectively)” after “2000”; I addition, there are so many “respectively” through the whole manuscript, quite annoying and makes the sentences hard to understand. Generally, “respectively” is always used when to distinguish three or more different items, please double check and change the expressions through the manuscript.
Line 59, Please delete the “,” after “thus”.
Line 73, Change “theier” to “their”.
Lines 90-91, Better give the area percentage of “agricultural fields and forests” around Tianjin.
Lines 93-94, Still have no idea why Tianjin is the “ideal location”.
Line 104, Change “measurement of its mass” to “mass measurement”.
Line 131, Please explain “TIC, acidizing” and “wet oxidation”.
Line 173, There is a “, was 0.83”? What’s that mean?
Lines 177-179, Such a long sentence, better break it into two or three sentences.
Lines 180-185, The final δ13C and δ15N is relative to VPDB and atmospheric N2? Better make it clear.
Line 202, “…… a small portion of….”? How much?
Lines 289-290, So the wood combustion is not belonging to biomass burning?
Lines 291, 322 “……several times……” “……several times abundant…” How much?
Line 408, “……the NO3− is more susceptible for decomposition at higher temperatures……” so the NO3- decomposed to what? Which process?
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, 21 Aug 2022
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2022-291/acp-2022-291-AC1-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, 21 Aug 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on acp-2022-291', Anonymous Referee #1, 17 Jul 2022
This manuscript entitled “Measurement report: ---- observations” by Dong et al. presents the comprehensive characterization and seasonality of carbonaceous, and nitrogenous components and inorganic ions as well as the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of total carbon and nitrogen in PM2.5 collected continuously at an urban location and for one-month in each season at a sub-urban location in Tianjin, north China over a one year period during 2018-2019. Overall, the data interpretation is logical and the paper is well written. Therefore, I recommend that this manuscript can be published after addressing the following minor remarks.
- Typos and language errors need to be corrected throughout the text. For example: Abstract, L15: ‘--- water-soluble OC (WSOC ---- ‘. The bracket should be closed. L20: ‘---- winter, while biological and/or marine emissions ---' should be changed to “---- winter, while terrestrial and/or marine biological emissions ---".
- Introduction, L36~: I suggest the authors to introduce importance/impacts of specific (bulk) components, after the general introduction of aerosols.
- Aerosol sampling: Since each PM2.5 sample was collected for relatively longer time (72 hrs), it is important to describe the potential sampling artefacts as well.
- Figures 1 & other: I suggest the authors to depict the seasonal separation as well in the temporal variations, in order to provide the clear visibility to the reader, like in Figure 4.
- L217-219 & 249-252 ..: Since the annual and seasonal data have been presented in Table 1, it is better to avoid noting the same repeatedly in text, rather referring the Table 1.
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, 21 Aug 2022
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2022-291/acp-2022-291-AC2-supplement.pdf
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on acp-2022-291', Anonymous Referee #2, 11 Jul 2022
Title: Measurement Report: Chemical components and 13C and 15N isotope ratios of fine aerosols over Tianjin, North China: Year-round observations
Author(s): Zhichao Dong et al.
MS No.: acp-2022-291
MS type: Measurement reportGeneral comments:
This manuscript shows a detailed study on PM2.5 in urban and suburban site of North China city (Tianjin). The study focused on the concentrations of different chemical components including carbonaceous (EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC), nitrogenous (WSTN, IN, WSON) and other inorganic ions. Additionally, stable isotopes of total carbon and nitrogen in PM2.5 were also shown. This sufficient and comprehensive study can help us further understand the source and atmospheric processes of fine aerosols in regional scale, and the data could help to promote scientific progress within the scope of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. However, quite a lot of necessary information that needed to help understanding the whole manuscript is lacking, and the paper is poorly written, the language and expressions need to be further improved. Detailed comments could be found as follows:
Specific Comments:
1.Major comments on introduction. The study aimed to explore the origins and atmospheric processes of fine particles through seasonal variations of carbonaceous (EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC), nitrogenous (WSTN, IN, WSON), other inorganic ions and stable isotopes of TC and TN in urban and suburban site of Tianjin. Therefore, the background in introduction should include: why choose to study PM2.5? why EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC, WSTN, IN, WSON and stable isotopes are important in understanding the source and atmospheric process of aerosols? Why choose to study urban and suburban aerosols in Tianjin? Some of the information is presented in current version of the manuscript, however, more information needs to be added in introduction section. For example, the authors studied EC, OC, SOC, WSOC, WIOC, TC in the PM2.5, however, there is only a simple introduction of EC and OC in the second paragraph, then why the authors also explored the seasonal variation of SOC, WSOC, WIOC? Are they important in understanding the source and atmospheric process of fine aerosols? Why? Similar problem also happens in nitrogenous components and other inorganic ions in introduction section. In addition, δ13CTC and δ15NTN of aerosols can be used to trace the emission source of aerosols, however, fractionation effects during the formation and transportation might modify the initial value of δ13C and δ15N from sources, which might lead to the uncertainties of directly using δ13C and δ15N in aerosols to trace source contributions. Therefore, the background about the role of fractionation effects in affecting the δ13C and δ15N in aerosols is important to understand the related result and its implications. However, no such information was found in current introduction section.
2.Major comments on Materials and methods. (1) Locations of the urban and suburban site needs to be indicated in a map to help better understanding of the results; (2) There are results of meteorology and backward air mass trajectories, however, no related information was found in Materials and methods section; (3) Necessary information is lacking. For example, what’s the flow rate of the air sampler during sampling period? This is important, cause the authors continuously sampling for 72-h each time, if the flow rate is high, then I’m wondering whether the filter will be saturated or not, especially in winter when PM2.5 is high; (3) Further explanation needs to be added to support the feasibility of the method. For example, the authors described “OC and EC were measured using OC/EC analyzer……, based on thermal light transmission ……and assuming the carbonate carbon was negligible.” Why the carbonate carbon is negligible, is it really negligible in aerosols of Tianjin? In addition, the authors described that “The N contents of NO2−, NO3− and NH4+ were calculated from their concentrations.” but how? the authors need to explain more. Lastly, there are quite large uncertainties in WSTN, WSON etc., however, the authors consider “……such errors do not influence the conclusions drawn from this study.”, why? explain more.
3.Major comments on Results and discussion. The prominent problems in results and discussion are that (1) no statistic analysis of the results; (2) no literatures or data are provided to support the some of the explanations of the results. For example, in section 3.2, the authors expressed that “Furthermore, the average concentration of PM2.5 found to be higher in spring than in autumn (Table 1), probably due to enhanced eruption of dust from open lands, due to gradual increase in wind speed in spring (Fig. 1).”. First of all, the concentration of PM2.5 is higher in spring than in autumn, is there any significant difference? Secondly, the authors owe this to “enhanced eruption of dust from open lands”, is there any reference to support this idea? For the other example, from lines 260-265, the authors said “…… the secondary formation of OC might be significant via adsorption and/or NO3 radical driven oxidation reactions of VOCs.” Are there any citations?? “…… the frequent precipitation events might result the enhanced wet deposition of……” Do you have any data about seasonal precipitation amount or reference to support this? These are only some examples chosen from the results and discussion section, in fact, there are quite a lot of sentences that need to be supported by reference. The authors need to carefully double check each sentence and complete with appropriate reference to confirm your conclusions.
Technical corrections:
Line 42: Move “(2127 and 1356 Gg, respectively)” after “2000”; I addition, there are so many “respectively” through the whole manuscript, quite annoying and makes the sentences hard to understand. Generally, “respectively” is always used when to distinguish three or more different items, please double check and change the expressions through the manuscript.
Line 59, Please delete the “,” after “thus”.
Line 73, Change “theier” to “their”.
Lines 90-91, Better give the area percentage of “agricultural fields and forests” around Tianjin.
Lines 93-94, Still have no idea why Tianjin is the “ideal location”.
Line 104, Change “measurement of its mass” to “mass measurement”.
Line 131, Please explain “TIC, acidizing” and “wet oxidation”.
Line 173, There is a “, was 0.83”? What’s that mean?
Lines 177-179, Such a long sentence, better break it into two or three sentences.
Lines 180-185, The final δ13C and δ15N is relative to VPDB and atmospheric N2? Better make it clear.
Line 202, “…… a small portion of….”? How much?
Lines 289-290, So the wood combustion is not belonging to biomass burning?
Lines 291, 322 “……several times……” “……several times abundant…” How much?
Line 408, “……the NO3− is more susceptible for decomposition at higher temperatures……” so the NO3- decomposed to what? Which process?
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, 21 Aug 2022
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2022-291/acp-2022-291-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, 21 Aug 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on acp-2022-291', Anonymous Referee #1, 17 Jul 2022
This manuscript entitled “Measurement report: ---- observations” by Dong et al. presents the comprehensive characterization and seasonality of carbonaceous, and nitrogenous components and inorganic ions as well as the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of total carbon and nitrogen in PM2.5 collected continuously at an urban location and for one-month in each season at a sub-urban location in Tianjin, north China over a one year period during 2018-2019. Overall, the data interpretation is logical and the paper is well written. Therefore, I recommend that this manuscript can be published after addressing the following minor remarks.
- Typos and language errors need to be corrected throughout the text. For example: Abstract, L15: ‘--- water-soluble OC (WSOC ---- ‘. The bracket should be closed. L20: ‘---- winter, while biological and/or marine emissions ---' should be changed to “---- winter, while terrestrial and/or marine biological emissions ---".
- Introduction, L36~: I suggest the authors to introduce importance/impacts of specific (bulk) components, after the general introduction of aerosols.
- Aerosol sampling: Since each PM2.5 sample was collected for relatively longer time (72 hrs), it is important to describe the potential sampling artefacts as well.
- Figures 1 & other: I suggest the authors to depict the seasonal separation as well in the temporal variations, in order to provide the clear visibility to the reader, like in Figure 4.
- L217-219 & 249-252 ..: Since the annual and seasonal data have been presented in Table 1, it is better to avoid noting the same repeatedly in text, rather referring the Table 1.
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, 21 Aug 2022
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2022-291/acp-2022-291-AC2-supplement.pdf
Zhichao Dong et al.
Data sets
Year-round observations of bulk components and 13C and 15N isotope ratios of fine aerosols at Tianjin, North China – Data set Dong Zhichao; Pavuluri Chandra Mouli; Xu Zhanjie; Wang Yu; Li Peisen; Fu Pingqing; Liu Cong-Qiang https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5140861
Zhichao Dong et al.
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