<p>Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is the most important alkaline gas in the atmosphere, which has negative effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, soil acidification and human health. China has largest NH<sub>3</sub> emissions in the world mainly associated with agricultural sources including nitrogen fertilizer and livestock. However, there is still a limited number of ground monitoring sites in China, hindering our understanding of both surface NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations and emissions. In this study, using the polar-orbiting satellite (IASI) and Fengyun-4 geostationary satellite (GIIRS), we analyzed the changes of hourly NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations, and estimated surface NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations and NH<sub>3</sub> emissions in China. GIIRS-derived NH<sub>3</sub> concentration in daytime was generally higher than that at night, with high values during 8:00–18:00. Satellite-derived surface NH<sub>3</sub> concentration was generally consistent with the ground observation data with R-square at 0.72–0.81 and slope equal to 1.03. Satellite-based NH<sub>3</sub> emissions ranged from 12.99–17.77 Tg N yr<sup>-1</sup> during 2008–2019. Spatially, high values of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions mainly occurred in the North China Plain, Northeast China and Sichuan Basin, while low values were mainly distributed in western China (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau). Our study shows a high predictive power of using satellite data to estimate surface NH<sub>3</sub> concentration and NH<sub>3</sub> emissions over multiple temporal and spatial scales, which provide an important reference for understanding NH<sub>3</sub> changes over China.</p>