the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Varying chiral ratio of Pinic acid enantiomers above the Amazon rainforest
- 1Chemistry Department, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- 2Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- 3Instituto Nacional de Resquisas da Amazônia/INPA, Manaus/AM, Brazil
- 4Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina/PR, Brazil
- 1Chemistry Department, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- 2Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- 3Instituto Nacional de Resquisas da Amazônia/INPA, Manaus/AM, Brazil
- 4Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina/PR, Brazil
Abstract. Chiral chemodiversity plays a crucial role in biochemical processes such as insect and plant communication. However, the vast majority of organic aerosol studies do not distinguish between enantiomeric compounds in the particle phase. Here we report chirally specified measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) at different altitudes during three measurement campaigns at different seasons. Analysis of filter samples by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has shown that the chiral ratio of pinic acid (C9H14O4) varies with increasing height above the canopy. A similar trend was recently observed for the gas-phase precursor α-pinene, but more pronounced. Nevertheless, the measurements indicate that neither the oxidation of (+/−)-α-pinene nor the incorporation of the products into the particulate phase proceeds with stereo preference and that the chiral information of the precursor molecule is merely transferred to the low-volatility product. The observation of the weaker height gradient of the present enantiomers in the particle phase at the observation site can be explained by the significant differences in the atmospheric lifetimes of reactant and product. Therefore, it is suggested that the chiral ratio of pinic acid is mainly determined by large-scale emission processes of the two precursors, while meteorological, chemical, or physicochemical processes do not play a particular role. Characteristic emissions of the chiral aerosol precursors from different forest ecosystems, in some cases even with contributions from forest related fauna, could thus provide large-scale information on the different contributions to biogenic secondary aerosols via the analytics of the chiral particle-bound degradation products.
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Denis Leppla et al.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on acp-2021-150', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Apr 2021
The manuscript by Leppa et al. reports chirally specified measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) at different altitudes during three measurement campaigns at different seasons. The authors support their observation from the field work with that of the lab experiments. The experiments appeared to be well designed, the manuscript is well written, well structured, and the discussed topic is well suited to the ACP journal.
I have several minor comments, which I think can improve this manuscript.
Introduction section: Generally ambient pinic acid is linked to VOC such as alpha-pinene, which is mainly emitted by conifer forest. It is not surprising to see such compounds in the boreal forest e.g. somewhere in northern Europe. Can authors write a couple of sentences on the vegetation type at the sampling site that could explain their observation of pinic acid (and their enantiomers)? I realise that the authors indicated additional contribution sources of alpha-pinene from the local fauna, such as termites, but what about the main contribution source? I also realise the authors are citing other publication that describes the sampling site, however; I feel the vegetation type at the sampling point needs to be described in this manuscript as well as it could possibly explain the abundance and prevalence of the certain enantiomers.
Lines 49-51: "It has been shown that physical and chemical properties, such as melting point and water solubility, can then be determined by stereochemistry (Katsumoto et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2015; Cash et al., 2016)." I completely support this statement. My question is along this line (but likely needs to be addressed in either experimental or results and discussion sections), has the author considered the effect of the sample preparation on the recovery and observation of one or the other enantiomer in their study (please see my comment on the extraction below)?
Experimental section: Line 85: “This also ensured sufficient aerosol mass on the filter”.
Question: Sufficient for what? For LC/MS analysis? Please clarify.
“One half of each filter was extracted three times with 1.5 mL in a 9:1 mixture of methanol and water (Fisher Scientific, Optima™ grade) on a laboratory shaker for 30 min. The resulting extracts were combined and filtered through 0.2 µm PTFE 105 syringe filters (Carl Roth, Rotilabo® KC94.1) to remove undissolved material. The solvent was then completely evaporated under a gentle N2 stream and 700 µL of a 9:1 mixture of water and acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific, Optima™ grade) was added to the remaining residue.”
Question: What is the point for using methanol/water for extraction and then resuspending the extracts in water/acetonitrile. I understand that likely the authors wanted to match their sample solvent with that of mobile phase, but I am not sure if this is clear to the reader. Also, do you expect any methylation of the carboxylic and hydroxylic groups when extracting in methanol? I assume not within the 30 min of the extraction process, but could the authors state whether their samples were evaporated to dryness immediately or stored ( e.g. in the fridge ) prior to evaporation step and for how long? Also, does the selected extraction solvent affect solubility of one or the other enantiomer? Was this checked? Does this have any effect on your results and conclusion? Does the evaporation step have any affect on this as well?
Question: Besides MS calibration, have you run any system suitability mixtures to assess the target sensitivity and chromatographic performance?
Results and discussion: Figure 4, it would be useful to add the reasons for the observed gaps e.g. on the 25th , 27th of October (plot ‘a’) to the legend or adding the break lines to the date axis. This also applies to the Figure 4b, c, and d.
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RC2: 'Comment on acp-2021-150', Anonymous Referee #2, 13 Apr 2021
The manuscript presents interesting novel results on the enantiomeric ratio of pinic acid in aerosol samples collected in the Amazon forest at different heights. The manuscript is generally well written and presents the results in a straight-forward way. The presentation focuses only on pinic acid concentrations and comparison with previous work by the same research groups, and the manuscript would benefit from comparison with measurements of e.g. ozone during the sampling periods and possibly previous studies of SOA in the region.
Specific comments:
Line 44-45: “Although chiral molecules play a critical role in insect and plant communication (Phillips et al., 2003; Mori, 2014), they are rarely distinguished in studies regarding atmospheric chemistry.” Even though there are only few studies, a proper overview of previous findings should be presented. This could include the work of Noziere and colleagues on isoprene SOA (tetrols), as well as the review by Cash et al., 2016, which is only very briefly mentioned in the current version of the manuscript.
Nozière, N. J. D. González, A.-K. Borg-Karlson, Y. Pei, J. P. Redeby, R. Krejci, J. Dommen, A. S. H. Prevot and T. Anthonsen, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2011, 38 DOI:10.1029/2011gl047323.
J. Gonzalez, A.-K. Borg-Karlson, P. Artaxo, A. Guenther, R. Krejci, B. Noziere and K. Noone, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2014, 16, 1413–1421.
Line 113: Was the extraction efficiency and recovery tested?
Line 117: What was the purity of the standard?
Line 118: I suggest to provide information about quality of standard curves here (correlation coefficients). Furthermore, the method for determination of the limits of detection and the values in ng/m3 should be stated.
Line 210: Which concentrations for ozone and OH were used for the calculation of lifetimes? Relevant levels should be available from simultaneous measurement or previous studies in the region.
Line 213-216: These sentences are unclear. Please clarify.
Line 315: Which further improvements in the analytical methods are needed? If you mean the suggestions in the following sentences, I suggest to write this more clearly.
Minor comments:
Pinic acid is written in upper case in the title.
Figure 6. I suggest to change the order in the label, so it is similar to the figure (upper: E1 Lower: E2).
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on acp-2021-150', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Apr 2021
The manuscript by Leppa et al. reports chirally specified measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) at different altitudes during three measurement campaigns at different seasons. The authors support their observation from the field work with that of the lab experiments. The experiments appeared to be well designed, the manuscript is well written, well structured, and the discussed topic is well suited to the ACP journal.
I have several minor comments, which I think can improve this manuscript.
Introduction section: Generally ambient pinic acid is linked to VOC such as alpha-pinene, which is mainly emitted by conifer forest. It is not surprising to see such compounds in the boreal forest e.g. somewhere in northern Europe. Can authors write a couple of sentences on the vegetation type at the sampling site that could explain their observation of pinic acid (and their enantiomers)? I realise that the authors indicated additional contribution sources of alpha-pinene from the local fauna, such as termites, but what about the main contribution source? I also realise the authors are citing other publication that describes the sampling site, however; I feel the vegetation type at the sampling point needs to be described in this manuscript as well as it could possibly explain the abundance and prevalence of the certain enantiomers.
Lines 49-51: "It has been shown that physical and chemical properties, such as melting point and water solubility, can then be determined by stereochemistry (Katsumoto et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2015; Cash et al., 2016)." I completely support this statement. My question is along this line (but likely needs to be addressed in either experimental or results and discussion sections), has the author considered the effect of the sample preparation on the recovery and observation of one or the other enantiomer in their study (please see my comment on the extraction below)?
Experimental section: Line 85: “This also ensured sufficient aerosol mass on the filter”.
Question: Sufficient for what? For LC/MS analysis? Please clarify.
“One half of each filter was extracted three times with 1.5 mL in a 9:1 mixture of methanol and water (Fisher Scientific, Optima™ grade) on a laboratory shaker for 30 min. The resulting extracts were combined and filtered through 0.2 µm PTFE 105 syringe filters (Carl Roth, Rotilabo® KC94.1) to remove undissolved material. The solvent was then completely evaporated under a gentle N2 stream and 700 µL of a 9:1 mixture of water and acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific, Optima™ grade) was added to the remaining residue.”
Question: What is the point for using methanol/water for extraction and then resuspending the extracts in water/acetonitrile. I understand that likely the authors wanted to match their sample solvent with that of mobile phase, but I am not sure if this is clear to the reader. Also, do you expect any methylation of the carboxylic and hydroxylic groups when extracting in methanol? I assume not within the 30 min of the extraction process, but could the authors state whether their samples were evaporated to dryness immediately or stored ( e.g. in the fridge ) prior to evaporation step and for how long? Also, does the selected extraction solvent affect solubility of one or the other enantiomer? Was this checked? Does this have any effect on your results and conclusion? Does the evaporation step have any affect on this as well?
Question: Besides MS calibration, have you run any system suitability mixtures to assess the target sensitivity and chromatographic performance?
Results and discussion: Figure 4, it would be useful to add the reasons for the observed gaps e.g. on the 25th , 27th of October (plot ‘a’) to the legend or adding the break lines to the date axis. This also applies to the Figure 4b, c, and d.
-
RC2: 'Comment on acp-2021-150', Anonymous Referee #2, 13 Apr 2021
The manuscript presents interesting novel results on the enantiomeric ratio of pinic acid in aerosol samples collected in the Amazon forest at different heights. The manuscript is generally well written and presents the results in a straight-forward way. The presentation focuses only on pinic acid concentrations and comparison with previous work by the same research groups, and the manuscript would benefit from comparison with measurements of e.g. ozone during the sampling periods and possibly previous studies of SOA in the region.
Specific comments:
Line 44-45: “Although chiral molecules play a critical role in insect and plant communication (Phillips et al., 2003; Mori, 2014), they are rarely distinguished in studies regarding atmospheric chemistry.” Even though there are only few studies, a proper overview of previous findings should be presented. This could include the work of Noziere and colleagues on isoprene SOA (tetrols), as well as the review by Cash et al., 2016, which is only very briefly mentioned in the current version of the manuscript.
Nozière, N. J. D. González, A.-K. Borg-Karlson, Y. Pei, J. P. Redeby, R. Krejci, J. Dommen, A. S. H. Prevot and T. Anthonsen, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2011, 38 DOI:10.1029/2011gl047323.
J. Gonzalez, A.-K. Borg-Karlson, P. Artaxo, A. Guenther, R. Krejci, B. Noziere and K. Noone, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2014, 16, 1413–1421.
Line 113: Was the extraction efficiency and recovery tested?
Line 117: What was the purity of the standard?
Line 118: I suggest to provide information about quality of standard curves here (correlation coefficients). Furthermore, the method for determination of the limits of detection and the values in ng/m3 should be stated.
Line 210: Which concentrations for ozone and OH were used for the calculation of lifetimes? Relevant levels should be available from simultaneous measurement or previous studies in the region.
Line 213-216: These sentences are unclear. Please clarify.
Line 315: Which further improvements in the analytical methods are needed? If you mean the suggestions in the following sentences, I suggest to write this more clearly.
Minor comments:
Pinic acid is written in upper case in the title.
Figure 6. I suggest to change the order in the label, so it is similar to the figure (upper: E1 Lower: E2).
Denis Leppla et al.
Denis Leppla et al.
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