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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-2019-23</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Freezing from the inside. Ice nucleation in &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; and
&lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; ghosts by inner membrane bound ice
nucleation protein InaZ</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kassmannhuber</surname>
<given-names>Johannes</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mauri</surname>
<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rauscher</surname>
<given-names>Mascha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brait</surname>
<given-names>Nadja</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schöner</surname>
<given-names>Lea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Witte</surname>
<given-names>Angela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weidner</surname>
<given-names>Tobias</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lubitz</surname>
<given-names>Werner</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>BIRD-C GmbH, Vienna, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Centre of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2019</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>21</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2019 Johannes Kassmannhuber et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2019-23/">This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2019-23/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2019-23/acp-2019-23.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2019-23/acp-2019-23.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>An N-terminal truncated form of the ice nucleation protein (INP) of &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas syringae&lt;/i&gt; lacking the transport sequence for the localization of InaZ in the outer membrane was fused to N- and C- terminal inner membrane (IM) anchors and expressed in &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; C41. The ice nucleation (IN) activity of the corresponding living recombinant &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; catalyzing heterogeneous ice formation of super-cooled water at high subzero temperatures was tested by droplet freezing assay. Median freezing temperature (T&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;) of the parental living &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; C41 cells without INP was detected at &amp;minus;20.1&amp;thinsp;&amp;deg;C and with inner membrane anchored INPs at T&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value between &amp;minus;7&amp;thinsp;&amp;deg;C and &amp;minus;9&amp;thinsp;&amp;deg;C demonstrating that IM anchored INPs facing the luminal IM site are able to induce IN from the inside of the bacterium almost similar to bacterial INPs located at the outer membrane. Bacterial Ghosts (BGs) derived from the different constructs showed first droplet freezing values between &amp;minus;6&amp;thinsp;&amp;deg;C and &amp;minus;8&amp;thinsp;&amp;deg;C whereas C41 BGs alone without carrying IM anchored INPs exhibit a T&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of &amp;minus;18.9&amp;thinsp;&amp;deg;C. The more efficient IN of INP-BGs compared to their living parental strains can be explained by the free access of IM anchored INP constructs to ultrapure water filling the inner space of the BGs. The cell killing rate of -NINP carrying &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; at subzero temperatures is higher when compared to survival rates of the parental C41 strain.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="21"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
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