References

ACPD

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions

ACPD

Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.

1680-7375

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acpd-8-4499-2008

Validation of water vapour profiles from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Carleer

M. R.

¹ Boone

C. D.

² Walker

K. A.

² ³ Bernath

P. F.

² ⁴ Strong

³ Sica

R. J.

⁵ Randall

C. E.

⁶ Vömel

⁷ Kar

³ Höpfner

⁸ Milz

⁸ ¹⁷ von Clarmann

⁸ Kivi

⁹ Valverde-Canossa

¹⁰ Sioris

C. E.

¹¹ Izawa

M. R. M.

¹² Dupuy

² McElroy

C. T.

³ ¹¹ Drummond

J. R.

³ ¹³ Nowlan

C. R.

³ Zou

³ Nichitiu

³ Lossow

¹⁴ Urban

¹⁵ Murtagh

¹⁵ Dufour

D. G.

¹⁶

Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Universität Karlsruhe, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruhe, Germany

Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Center, Sodankylä, Finland

Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica

Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Department of Physics & Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Department of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

Picomole Instruments Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

now at: Institutionen för Rymdvetenskap, Luleå Tekniska Universitet, Kiruna, Sweden

04 03 2008

8 2 4499 4559

2008

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/8/4499/2008/acpd-8-4499-2008.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/8/4499/2008/acpd-8-4499-2008.pdf

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) mission was launched in August 2003 to sound the atmosphere by solar occultation. Water vapour (H2O), one of the most important molecules for climate and atmospheric chemistry, is one of the key species provided by the two principal instruments, the infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the MAESTRO UV-Visible spectrometer (ACE-MAESTRO). The first instrument performs measurements on several lines in the 1362–2137 cm−1 range, from which vertically resolved H2O concentration profiles are retrieved, from 7 to 90 km altitude. ACE-MAESTRO measures profiles using the water absorption band in the near infrared part of the spectrum at 926.0–969.7 nm. This paper presents a comprehensive validation of the ACE-FTS profiles. We have compared the H2O volume mixing ratio profiles with space-borne (SAGE II, HALOE, POAM III, MIPAS, SMR) observations and measurements from balloon-borne frostpoint hygrometers and a ground based lidar. We show that the ACE-FTS measurements provide H2O profiles with small retrieval uncertainties in the stratosphere (better than 5% from 15 to 70 km, gradually increasing above). The situation is unclear in the upper troposphere, due mainly to the high variability of the water vapour volume mixing ratio in this region. A new water vapour data product from the ACE-MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation) is also presented and initial comparisons with ACE-FTS are discussed.

References 1

Abbas,~M M., Gunson,~M R., Newchurch,~M J., Michelsen,~H A., Salawitch,~R J., Allen,~M., Abrams,~M C., Chang,~A Y., Goldman,~A., Irion,~F W., Moyer,~E J., Nagaraju,~R., Rinsland,~C P., Stiller,~G P., and Zander,~R.: The hydrogen budget of the stratosphere inferred from ATMOS measurements of H2O and CH4, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(17), 2405–2408, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL01320, 1996.

Argall, P. S., Sica, R.J., Bryant, C., Algara-Siller, M., and Schijns, H.: Calibration of the Purple Crow Lidar Raman water vapour and temperature measurements, Can. J. Phys., 85, 119–129, 2007.

Barath,~F T., Chavez,~M C., Cofield,~R E., Flower,~D A., Frerking,~M A., Gram,~M B., Harris,~W M., Holden,~J R., Jarnot,~R F., and Kloezeman,~W G.: The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite microwave limb sounder instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10 751–10 762, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD00798, 1993.

Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., DeMaziere, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S. D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon, Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J. J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.

Berk, A., Anderson, G. P., Acharya, P. K., Chetwynd, J. H., Bernstein, L. S., Shettle, E. P., Matthew, M. W., and Adler-Golden, S. M.: MODTRAN4 User's manual: Software manual, Air Force Res. Lab., Space Vehicles Dir., Air Force Mater. Command, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., 1999.

Boone, C. D., Nassar, R., Walker, K. A., Rochon, Y., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., and Bernath, P. F.: Retrievals for the atmospheric chemistry experiment Fourier-transform spectrometer, Appl. Optics, 44, 7218–7231, 2005.

Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., and Bernath, P. F.: Speed-dependent Voigt profile for water vapour in infrared remote sensing applications, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 525–532, 2007.

Chahine, M. T.: Inverse problems in radiative transfer: Determination of atmospheric parameters, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 960–967, 1970.

Chiou, E.-W., McCormick, M. P., McMaster, L. R., Chu, W. P., Larsen, J. C., Rind, D., and Oltmans, S.: Intercomparison of stratospheric water vapour observed by satellite experments: SAGE II versus LIMS and ATMOS, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4875–4887, 1993.

Chiou, E.-W., Thomason, L. W., Burton, S. P., and Michelsen, H. A.: Assessment of the SAGE II version 6.2 water vapour data set through intercomparison with ATMOS/ATLAS-3 measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L14101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020071, 2004.

Chu, W. P., Chiou, E. W., Larsen, J. C., Thomason, L. W., Rind, D., Buglia, J. J., Oltmans, S., McCormick, M. P., and McMaster, L. R.: Algorithms and sensitivity analyses for SAGE II water vapour retrieval, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4857–4866, 1993.

De Mazière, M., Vigouroux, C., Bernath, P. F., Baron, P., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C., Brogniez, C., Catoire, V., Coffey, M., Duchatelet, P., Griffith, D., Hannigan, J., Kasai, Y., Kramer, I., Jones, N., Mahieu, E., Manney, G. L., Piccolo, C., Randall, C., Robert, C., Senten, C., Strong, K., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Walker, K. A., and Wood, S.: Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 methane profiles from the upper troposphere to lower mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 17 975–18 014, 2007.

Drummond, J. R., Houghton, J. T., Peskett, G. D., Rodgers, C. D., Wale, M. J., Whitney, J., and Williamson, E. J.: The Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder on Nimbus 7, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Math. Phys. Sci., 296, 219–241, 1980.

Fischer, H., Gille, J., and Russell, J.: Water vapour in the stratosphere: preliminary results of the LIMS experiment aboard Nimbus-7, Adv. Space Res., 1, 279–281, 1981.

Fischer, H., Birk, M., Blom, C., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., von Clarmann, T., Delbouille, L., Dudhia, A., Ehhalt, D., Endemann, M., Flaud, J. M., Gessner, R., Kleinert, A., Koopmann, R., Langen, J., López-Puertas, M., Mosner, P., Nett, H., Oelhaf, H., Perron, G., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., Stiller, G., and Zander, R.: MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 8795–8893, 2007.

Frisk, U., Hagström, M., Ala-Laurinaho, J., Andersson, S., Berges, J.-C., Chabaud, J.-P., Dahlgren, M., Emrich, A., Florén, H.-G., Florin, G., Fredrixon, M., Gaier, T., Haas, R., Hirvonen, T., Hjalmarsson, Å., Jakobsson, B., Jukkala, P., Kildal, P. S., Kollberg, E., Lassing, J., Lecacheux, A., Lehikoinen, P., Lehto, A., Mallat, J., Marty, C., Michet, D., Narbonne, J., Nexon, M., Olberg, M., Olofsson, A. O. H., Olofsson, G., Origné, A., Petersson, M., Piironen, P., Pons, R., Pouliquen, D., Ristorcelli, I., Rosolen, C., Rouaix, G., Räisänen, A. V., Serra, G., Sjöberg, F., Stenmark, L., Torchinsky, S., Tuovinen, J., Ullberg, C., Vinterhav, E., Wadefalk, N., Zirath, H., Zimmermann, P., and Zimmermann, R.: The Odin satellite: I. Radiometer design and test, Astron. Astrophys., 402, L27–L34, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20030335, 2003.

Gattinger, R. L., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Degenstein, D. A., Bernath, P. F., and Llewellyn, E. J.: Comparison of Odin-OSIRIS OH A$^2§igma ^+$-X$^2\Pi $ 0-0 mesospheric observations and ACE-FTS water vapour observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026425, 2006.

Gille, J. C., Bailey, P. L., and Russell III, J. M.: Temperature and composition measurements from the l.r.i.r. and l.i.m.s. experiments on Nimbus 6 and 7, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Math. Phys. Sci., 296, 205–218, 1980.

Goss-Custard,~M., Remedios,~J J., Lambert,~A., Taylor,~F W., Rodgers,~C D., Lopez-Puertas,~M., Zaragoza,~G., Gunson,~M R., Suttie,~M R., Harries,~J E., and Russell,~J M.: Measurements of water vapor distributions by the improved stratospheric and mesospheric sounder: Retrieval and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D6), 9907–9928, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02032, 1996.

Griesfeller,~A., von~Clarmann,~T., Griesfeller,~J., Höpfner,~M., Milz,~M., Nakajima,~H., Steck,~T., Sugita,~T., Tanaka,~T., and Yokota,~T.: Intercomparison of ILAS-II Version 1.4 and Version 2 target parameters with MIPAS-Envisat measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 825–843, 2008.

Gunson, M. R., Abbas, M. M., Abrams, M. C., Allen, M., Brown, L. R., Brown, T. L., Chang, A. Y., Goldman, A., Irion, F. W., Lowes, L. L., Mahieu, E., Manney, G. L., Michelsen, H. A., Newchurch, M. J., Rinsland, C. P., Salawitch, R. J., Stiller, G. P., Toon, G. C., Yung, Y. L., and Zander, R.: The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment: Deployment on the ATLAS Space Shuttle missions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(17), 2333, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL01569, 1996.

Harries, J. E., Russell, J. M., Tuck, A. F., Gordley, L. L., Purcell, P., Stone, K., Bevilacqua, R. M., Gunson, M., Nedoluha, G., and Traub, W. A.: Validation of measurements of water vapour from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), J. Geophys. Res., 101(D6), 10 205–10 216, 1996.

Hartmann,~G K., Bevilacqua,~R M., Schwartz,~P R., Kämpfer,~N., Künzi,~K F., Aellig,~C P., Berg,~A., Boogaerts,~W., Connor,~B J., Croskey,~C L., Daehler,~M., Degenhardt,~W., Dicken,~H D., Goldizen,~D., Kriebel,~D., Langen,~J., Loidl,~A., Olivero,~J J., Pauls,~T A., Puliafito,~S E., Richards,~M L., Rudin,~C., Tsou,~J J., Waltman,~W B., Umlauft,~G., and Zwick,~R.: Measurements of O3, H2O and ClO in the middle atmosphere using the millimeter-wave atmospheric sounder (MAS), Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(17), 2313–2316, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL01475, 1996.

Hervig, M. and Siskind, D.: Decadal and inter-hemispheric variability in polar mesospheric clouds, water vapor, and temperature, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 30–41, 2006.

Hoppel, K. W., Bowman K. P., and Bevilacqua R. M.: Northern hemisphere summer ozone variability observed by POAM II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 827–830, 1999.

Kanzawa, H., Schiller, C., Ovarlez, J., Camy-Peyret, C., Payan, S., Jeseck, P., Oelhaf, H., Stowasser, M., Traub, W. A., Jucks, K. W., Johnson, D. G., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Park, J. H., Bodeker, G. E., Pan, L. L., Sugita, T., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Suzuki, M., Shiotani, M., and Sasano, Y.: Validation and data characteristics of water vapor profiles observed by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) and processed with the version 5.20 algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 8217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD00881, 2002. (Correction: J. Geophys. Res., 108(D4), 8218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD001601, 2003).

Kley, D., Russell III, J. M., and Phillips, C.: SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour, WCRP 113, WMO/TD-1043, SPARC Rep. 2, World Clim. Res. Program, Geneva, 2000.

Lambert, A., Read, W. G., Livesey, N. J., Santee, M. L., Manney, G. L., Froidevaux, L., Wu, D. L., Schwartz, M. J., Pumphrey, H. C., Jimenez, C., Nedoluha, G. E., Cofield, R. E., Cuddy, D. T., Daffer, W. H., Drouin, B. J., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Knosp, B. W., Pickett, H. M., Perun, V. S., Snyder, W. V., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Wagner, P. A., Waters, J. W., Jucks, K. W., Toon, G. C., Stachnik, R. A., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Urban, J., Murtagh, D., Elkins, J. W., and Atlas, E.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric water vapour and nitrous oxide measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S36, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008724, 2007.

Lossow, S., Urban, J., Eriksson, P., Murtagh, D., and Gumbel, J.: Critical parameters for the retrieval of mesospheric water vapour and temperature from Odin/SMR limb measurements at 557 GHz, Adv. Space Res., 40, 835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.026, 2007.

Lucke, R. L., Korwan, D. R., Bevilacqua, R. M., Hornstein, J. S., Shettle, E. P., Chen, D. T., Daehler, M., Lumpe, J. D., Fromm, M. D., Debrestian, D., Neff, B., Squire, M., König-Langlo, G., and Davies, J.: The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument and early validation results, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D15), 18 785–18 800, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900235, 1999.

Lumpe, J. D., Bevilacqua, R., Randall, C., Nedoluha, G., Hoppel, K., Russell, J., Harvey, V.L., Schiller, C., Sen, B., Taha, G., Toon, G., and Vomel, H.: Validation of Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III version 4 stratospheric water vapour, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006763, 2006.

Mahieu, E., Duchatelet, P., Demoulin, P., Walker, K. A., Dupuy, E., Froidevaux, L., Randall, C., Catoire, V., Strong, K., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Blavier, J.-F., Blumenstock, T., Coffey, M., De Mazière, M., Griffith, D., Hannigan, J., Hase, F., Jones, N., Jucks, K. W., Kagawa, A., Kasai, Y., Mebarki, Y., Mikuteit, S., Nassar, R., Notholt, J., Rinsland, C. P., Robert, C., Schrems, O., Senten, C., Smale, D., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Toon, G. C., Warneke, T., Wood, S. W., Zander, R., and Servais, C.: Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 measurements of HCl, HF, CCl3F and CCl2F2 using space-, balloon- and ground-based instrument observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 3431–3495, 2008.

Mauldin, L. E. III, Zaun, N. H., McCormick, M. P., Guy, J. H., and Vaughn, W. R.: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II instruments: A functional description, Opt. Eng., 24, 307–312, 1985.

McElroy, C. T., Nowlan, C. R., Drummond, J. R., Bernath, P. F., Barton, D. V., Dufour, D. G., Midwinter, C., Hall, R. B., Ogyu, A., Ullberg, A., Wardle, D. I., Kar, J., Zou, J., Nichitiu, F., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., and Rowlands, N.: The ACE-MAESTRO instrument on SCISAT: description, performance, and preliminary results, Appl. Optics, 46, 4341–4356, 2007.

Michelsen, H. A., Irion, F. W., Manney, G. L., Toon, G. C., and Gunson, M. R.: Features and trends in ATMOS Version 3 water vapor and methane measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22 713–22 724, 2000.

Michelsen, H. A., Manney, G. L., Irion, F. W., Toon, G. C., Gunson, M. R., Rinsland, C. P., Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Newchurch, M. J., Purcell, P. N., Remsberg, E. E., Russell III, J. M., Pumphrey, H. C., Waters, J. W., Bevilacqua, R. M., Kelly, K. K., Hintsa, E. J., Weinstock, E. M., Chiou, E.-W., Chu, W. P., McCormick, M. P., and Webster C. R.: ATMOS version 3 water vapour measurements: Comparisons with observations from two ER-2 Lyman-$\alpha $ hygrometers, MkIV, HALOE, SAGE II, MAS, and MLS, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3), 4027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000587, 2002.

Milz, M., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Steck, T., Stiller, G.P., Funke, B., and López-Puertas, M.: Water vapour distributions measured with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on board Envisat (MIPAS/Envisat) J. Geophys. Res., 110(D24), D24307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005973, 2005.

Mote, P. W., Rosenlof, K. H., McIntyre, M. E., Carr, E. S., Gille, J. C., Holton, J. R., Kinnersley, J. S., Pumphrey, H. C., Russell III, J. M., and Waters, J. W.: An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D2), 3989–4006, 1996.

Murtagh, D. P., Frisk, U., Merino, F., Ridal, M., Jonsson, A., Stegman, J., Witt, G., Eriksson, P., Jiménez, C., Mégie, G., de la No\"e, J., Ricaud, P., Baron, P., Pardo, J. R., Hauchecorne, A., Llewellyn, E. J., Degenstein, D. A., Gattinger, R. L., Lloyd, N. D., Evans, W. F. J., McDade, I. C., Haley, C. S., Sioris, C., von Savigny, C., Solheim, B. H., McConnell, J. C., Strong, K., Richardson, E. H., Leppelmeier, G. W., Kyrölä, E., Auvinen, H., and Oikarinen, L.: An overview of the Odin atmospheric mission, Can. J. Phys., 80, 309–319, 2002.

Nakajima, H., Suzuki, M., Matsuzaki, A., Ishigaki, T., Waragai, K., Mogi, Y., Kimura, N., Araki, N., Yokota, T., Kanzawa, H., Sugita, T., and Sasano, Y.: Characteristics and performance of the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) in orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 8213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001439, 2002.

Nakajima, H., Sugita, T., Yokota, T., Ishigaki, T., Mogi, Y., Araki, N., Waragai, K., Kimura, N., Iwazawa, T., Kuze, A., Tanii, J., Kawasaki, H., Horikawa, M., Togami, T., Uemura, N., Kobayashi, H., and Sasano, Y.: Characteristics and performance of the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II) on board the ADEOS-II satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006334, 2006.

Nassar, R., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Manney, G. L., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., Skelton, R., and Walker, K. A.: Stratospheric abundances of water and methane based on ACE-FTS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022383, 2005a.

Nassar, R., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Manney, G. L., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., Skelton, R., and Walker, K. A.: ACE-FTS measurements across the edge of the winter 2004 Arctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022671, 2005b.

Nedoluha, G. E., Bevilacqua, L. M., Gomez, R. M., Waltman, W. B., Hicks, B. C., Thacker, D. L., and Matthews, W. A.: Measurements of water vapor in the middle atmosphere and implications for mesospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21 183–21 193, 1996.

Nedoluha, G. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Gomez, R. M., Waltman, W. B., Hicks, B. C., Thacker, D. L., Russell III, J. M., Abrams, M., Pumphrey, H. C., and Connor, B. J.: A comparative study of mesospheric water vapor measurements from the ground-based water vapor millimeter-wave spectrometer and space-based instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D14), 16 647–16 661, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01095, 1997.

Nedoluha, G. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Gomez, R. M., Hicks, B. C., Russell III, J. M., and Connor, B. J. : An evaluation of trends in middle atmospheric water vapour as measured by HALOE, WVMS, and POAM, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 4391, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003332, 2003.

Offermann, D., Grossmann, K. U., Barthol, P., Knieling, P., Riese, M., and Trant, R.: Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment and middle atmosphere variability, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D13), 16 311–16 325, 1999.

Offermann, D., Schaeler, B., Riese, M., Langfermann, M., Jarisch, M., Eidmann, G., Schiller, C., Smit, H. G. J., and Read, W. G.: Water vapor at the tropopause during the CRISTA 2 mission, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 8176, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000700, 2002.

Oltmans, S. J., Vömel, , H., Hofmann, D. J., Rosenlof, K. H., and Kley, D.: The increase in stratospheric water vapour from balloon-borne frostpoint hygrometer measurements at Washington, D.C. and Boulder, Colorado, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(21), 3453–3456, 2000.

Pumphrey, H. C., Clark, H. L., and Harwood, R. S.: Lower stratospheric water vapor measured by UARS MLS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(12), 1691–1694, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011339, 2000.

Randel, W. J., Wu, F., Oltmans, S. J., Rosenlof, K. H., and Nedoluha, G. E.: Interannual changes of stratospheric water vapour and correlations with tropical tropopause temperatures, J. Atmos. Sci., 61(17), 2133–2148, 2004.

Reber, C. A., Trevathan, C. E., McNeal, R. J., and Luther, M. R.: The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Mission, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10 643–10 647, 1993.

Rosenlof, K. H., Chiou, E.-W., Chu, W. P., Johnson, D. G., Kelly, K. K., Michelsen, H. A., Nedoluha, G. E., Remsberg, E. E., Toon, G. C., and McCormick, M. P.: Stratospheric water vapour increases over the past half-century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(7), 1195–1198,2001.

Russell III, J. M., Gordley, L. L., Park, J. H., Drayson, S. R., Hesketh, W. D., Cicerone, R. J., Tuck, A. F., Frederick, J. E., Harries, J. E., and Crutzen, P. J.: The Halogen Occultation Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10 777–10 797, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD00799, 1993.

Santee,~M L., Manney,~G L., Livesey,~N J., Froidevaux,~L., MacKenzie,~I A., Pumphrey,~H C., Read,~W G., Schwartz,~M J., Waters,~J W., and Harwood,~R S.: Polar processing and development of the 2004 Antarctic ozone hole: First results from MLS on Aura, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(12), L12817, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022582, 2005.

Seele, C. and Hartogh, P.: Water vapour of the polar middle atmosphere: annual variation and summer mesosphere conditions as observed by ground-based microwave spectroscopy. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2133–2136, 1999.

Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.: On the control of stratospheric humidity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2513–2516, 2000.

Sica, R J., Sargoytchev, S., Argall, P S., Borra, E F., Girard, L., Sparrow, C T., and Flatt, S.: Lidar measurements taken with a large-aperture liquid mirror. 1. Rayleigh-scatter system, Appl. Optics, 34, 6925–6936, 1995.

Sica, R. J., Izawa, M. R. M., Walker, K. A., Boone, C., Petelina, S. V., Argall, P. S., Bernath, P., Burns, G. B., Catoire, V., Collins, R. L., Daffer, W. H., De Clercq, C., Fan, Z. Y., Firanski, B. J., French, W. J. R., Gerard, P., Gerding, M., Granville, J., Innis, J. L., Keckhut, P., Kerzenmacher, T., Klekociuk, A. R., Lambert, J. C., Llewellyn, E. J., Manney, G. L., McDermid, I. S., Mizutani, K., Murayama, Y., Piccolo, C., Robert, C., Steinbrecht, W., Strawbridge, K. B., Strong, K., Stubi, R., and Thurairajah, B.: Validation of the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) version 2.2 Temperature Using Ground-based and Space-borne Measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 35–62, 2008.

Sonnemann, G. R., Grygalashvyly, M., and Berger, U.: Autocatalytic water vapor production as a source of large mixing ratios within the middle to upper mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005593, 2005.

Summers, M. E., Conway, R. R., Siskind, D. E., Stevens, M. H., Offermann, D., Riese, M., Preusse, P., Strobel, D. F., and Russell III, J. M.: Implications of satellite OH observations for middle atmospheric H2O and ozone, Science, 277, 1967–1970, 1997.

Summers, M. E., Conway, R. R., Englert, C. R., Siskind, D. E., Stevens, M. H., Russell III, J. M., Gordley, L. L., and McHugh, M. J.: Discovery of a water vapor layer in the Arctic summer mesosphere: implications for polar mesospheric clouds, Geophys Res. Lett., 28(18), 3601–3604, 2001.

Taha, G., Thomason, L. W., and Burton, S. P.: Comparison of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II version 6.2 water vapour with balloon-borne and space-based instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004859, 2004

Taylor, F. W., Barnett, J. J., Colbeck, I., Jones, R. L., Rodgers, C. D., Wale M. J., and Williamson, E. J.: Performance and early results from the Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) on Nimbus 7, Adv. Space Res., 1(4), 261–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(81)90068-5, 1981.

Taylor,~F W., Rodgers,~C D., Whitney,~J G., Werrett,~S T., Barnett,~J J., Peskett,~G D., Venters,~P., Ballard,~J., Palmer,~C W P., Knight,~R J., Morris,~P., Nightingale,~T., and Dudhia,~A.: Remote sensing of the atmospheric structure and composition by pressure modulator radiometry from space: the ISAMS experiment on UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D6), 10 799–10 814, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD03029, 1993.

Thomason, L. W., Burton, S. P., Iyer, N., Zawodny, J. M., and Anderson, J.: A revised water vapour product for the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) version 6.2 data set, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004465,2004.

Urban, J., Lautié , N., Murtagh, D., Eriksson, P., Kasai, Y., Lossow, S., Dupuy, E., de La No\"e, J., Frisk, U., Olberg, M., Le Flochmo\"en, E., and Ricaud, P.: Global observations of middle atmospheric water vapour by the Odin satellite: an overview, Planet. Space Sci., 55, 1093–1102, 2007.

Vömel, H., David, D. E., and Smith, K.: Accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour measurements by the cryogenic frost point hygrometer: Instrumental details and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007224, 2007.

von Clarmann, T., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Milz, M., Steck, T., Stiller, G. P., Wang, D. Y., Fischer, H., Funke, B., Gil-López, S., and López-Puertas, M.: Retrieval of temperature and tangent altitude pointing from limb emission spectra recorded from space by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 4736, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003602, 2003.

von Zahn, U. and Berger, U.: Persistent ice cloud in the midsummer upper mesosphere at high latitudes: three-dimensional modeling and cloud interactions with ambient water vapour. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002409, 2003.

Waters, J. W., Read, W. G., Froidevaux, L.,~Jarnot, R. F., Cofield, R. E., Flower, D. A., Lau, G. K., Pickett, H. M., Santee, M. L., Wu,~D. L., Boyles, M. A., Burke, J. R., Lay, R. R., Loo, M. S., Livesey, N. J., Lungu, T. A., Manney, G. L., Nakamura, L. L., Perun, V. S., Ridenoure, B. P., Shippony, Z., Siegel, P. H., and~Thurstans, R. P.: The UARS and EOS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(2), 194–218, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469, 1999.