<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-11-16599-2011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Sensing Hadley cell with space lidar</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia 23666, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>16599</fpage>
<lpage>16610</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2011 W. Sun</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/11/16599/2011/acpd-11-16599-2011.html">This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/11/16599/2011/acpd-11-16599-2011.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/11/16599/2011/acpd-11-16599-2011.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/11/16599/2011/acpd-11-16599-2011.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This letter shows that the extent of the Hadley cell could reliably be
      estimated by measuring the height of the uppermost super-thin clouds
      in the troposphere with space-borne lidar. Through consecutive
      multi-year measurements of the height of the uppermost super-thin
      clouds, a good estimation of the expansion of the Hadley cell could be
      obtained.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="12"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Frierson,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;W., Lu,&amp;nbsp;J., and Chen,&amp;nbsp;G.: Width of the Hadley cell in simple and comprehensive general circualtion models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18804, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031115&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031115&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fu, Q. and Lin, P.: Poleward shift of subtropical jets inferred from satellite-observed lower stratospheric temperature, J. Climate, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00027.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00027.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fu,&amp;nbsp;Q., Johanson,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;M., Wallace,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;M., and Reichler,&amp;nbsp;T.: Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements, Science, 312, 1179, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1125566&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125566&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hu,&amp;nbsp;Y. and Fu,&amp;nbsp;Q.: Observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5229–5236, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5229-2007&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5229-2007&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hudson,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;D., Andrade,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;F., Follette,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;B., and Frolov,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;D.: The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes – Part II: Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude total ozone trends, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5183–5191, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5183-2006&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5183-2006&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Johanson,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;M. and Fu,&amp;nbsp;Q.: Hadley cell widening: model simulations versus observations, J. Climate, 22, 2713–2725, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">King,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;D., Kaufman,&amp;nbsp;Y.&amp;nbsp;J., Menzel,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;P., and Tanre,&amp;nbsp;D.: Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol, and water vapor properties from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS), IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 30, 2–27, 1992.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lu,&amp;nbsp;J., Vecchi,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;A., and Reichler,&amp;nbsp;T.: Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06805, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028443&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028443&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Minnis,&amp;nbsp;P., Trepte,&amp;nbsp;Q.&amp;nbsp;Z., Sun-Mack,&amp;nbsp;S., Chen,&amp;nbsp;Y., Doelling,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;R., Young,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;F., Spangenberg,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;A., Miller,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;F., Wielicki,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;A., Brown,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;R., Gibson,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;C., and Geier,&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;B.: Cloud detection in nonpolar regions for CERES using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 46, 3857–3884, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Nee,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;B., Len,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;N., Chen,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;N., and Lin,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;I.: Lidar observation of the cirrus cloud in the tropopause at Chung-Li (25{\degree} N, 121{\degree} E), J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2249–2257, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Platt,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;R., Young,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;A., Manson,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;J., Patterson,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;R., Marsden,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;C., and Austin,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;T.: The optical properties of equatorial cirrus from observations in the ARM pilot radiation observation experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1977–1996, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Prabhakara,&amp;nbsp;C., Kratz,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;P., Yoo,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;M., Dalu,&amp;nbsp;G., and Vernekar,&amp;nbsp;A.: Optically thin cirrus clouds: radiative impact on the warm pool, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 49, 467–483, 1993.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Quan,&amp;nbsp;X.&amp;nbsp;W., Diaz,&amp;nbsp;H.&amp;nbsp;F., and Hoerling,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;P. : Change in the tropical Hadley cell since 1950, in: The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past, and Future, Advances in Global Change Research, 21, edited by: Diaz,&amp;nbsp;H.&amp;nbsp;F. and Bradley,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;S., Springer, The Netherlands, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2944-8&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2944-8&lt;/a&gt;, 85–120, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Seidel,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;J. and Randel,&amp;nbsp;W. J.: Recent widening of the tropical belt: evidence from tropopause observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20113, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008861&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008861&lt;/a&gt;, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Seidel,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;J., Fu,&amp;nbsp;Q., Randel,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;J., and Reichler,&amp;nbsp;T.&amp;nbsp;J.: Widening of the tropical belt in a&amp;nbsp;changing climate, Nature Geosci., 1, 21–24, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Spinhirne,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;D., Hart,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;D., and Hlavka,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;L.: Cirrus infrared parameters and shortwave reflectance relations from observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1438–1458, 1996.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Stephens,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;L., Vane,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;G., Boain,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;J., Mace,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;G., Sassen,&amp;nbsp;K., Wang,&amp;nbsp;Z., Illingworth,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;J., O&apos;Connor,&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;J., Rossow,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;B., Durden,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;L., Miller,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;D., Austin,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;T., Benedetti,&amp;nbsp;A., Mitrescu,&amp;nbsp;C., and the CloudSat Science Team: The CloudSat mission and the A-TRAIN: a&amp;nbsp;new dimension to space-based observations of clouds and precipitation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1771–1790, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wang,&amp;nbsp;P.&amp;nbsp;H., McCormick,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;P., Poole,&amp;nbsp;L.&amp;nbsp;R., Chu,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;P., Yue,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;K., Kent,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;S., and Skeens,&amp;nbsp;K.&amp;nbsp;M.: Tropical high cloud characteristics derived from SAGE II extinction measurements, Atmos. Res., 34, 53–83, 1994.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wielicki,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;A., Barkstrom,&amp;nbsp;B.&amp;nbsp;R., Harrison,&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;F., Lee,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;B., Smith,&amp;nbsp;G.&amp;nbsp;L., and Cooper,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;E.: Clouds and the Earth&apos;s Radiant Energy System (CERES): an Earth observing system experiment, B. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 853–868, 1996.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Winker,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;M. and Trepte,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;R.: Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3351–3354, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Winker,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;M., Pelon,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;R., and McCormick,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;P.: The CALIPSO mission: spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds, Proc. SPIE, 4893, 1–11, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wylie,&amp;nbsp;D.&amp;nbsp;P. and Menzel,&amp;nbsp;W.&amp;nbsp;P.: Eight years of high cloud statistics using HIRS, J. Climate, 12, 170–184, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>