ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Atmos. Chem. Phys. 1680-7324 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-9-4295-2009 Freezing of water droplets colliding with kaolinite particles Svensson E. A. 1 Delval C. 2 3 von Hessberg P. 2 Johnson M. S. 2 Pettersson J. B. C. 1 Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden Copenhagen Centre for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark EPFL STI IMT LOA, Station 17, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 03 07 2009 9 13 4295 4300 Copyright: © 2009 E. A. Svensson et al. 2009 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/9/4295/2009/acp-9-4295-2009.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/9/4295/2009/acp-9-4295-2009.pdf

Contact freezing of single supercooled water droplets colliding with kaolinite dust particles has been investigated. The experiments were performed with droplets levitated in an electrodynamic balance at temperatures from 240 to 268 K. Under relatively dry conditions (when no water vapor was added) freezing was observed to occur below 249 K, while a freezing threshold of 267 K was observed when water vapor was added to the air in the chamber. <br><br> The effect of relative humidity is attributed to an influence on the contact freezing process for the kaolinite-water droplet system, and it is not related to the lifetime of the droplets in the electrodynamic balance. Freezing probabilities per collision were derived assuming that collisions at the lowest temperature employed had a probability of unity. Mechanisms for contact freezing are briefly discussed.

 References Bailey, M. and Hallett, J.: Nucleation effects on the habit of vapour grown ice crystals from &minus;18 to &minus;42 degrees C, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1461–1483, 2002. von Blohn, N., Mitra, S., Diehl, K., and Borrmann, S.: The ice nucleating ability of pollen Part III: New laboratory studies in immersion and contact freezing modes including more pollen types, Atmos. Res., 78, 182–189, 2005. Cantrell, W. and Heymsfield, A.: Production of ice in tropospheric clouds: A review, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 86(6), 795–807, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-6-795, 2005. Cooper, A. W.: A possible Mechanism for Contact Nucleation, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1832–1837, 1974. Czys, R. R.: Ice Initiation by Collision-Freezing in Warm-Based Cumuli, J. Appl. Meteorol., 28, 1098–1104, 1989. Czys, R. R. and Lew, J. K.: A wind tunnel investigation of interactions between supercooled precipitation-size water drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(17), 3079–3090, 1999. Davis, E. J., Buehler, M. F., and Ward, T. L.: The double-ring electrodynamic balance for microparticle characterization, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61, 1281–1288, 1990. Diehl, K. and Mitra, S. K.: A laboratory study of the effects of a kerosene-burner exhaust on ice nucleation and the evaporation rate of ice crystals, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3145–3151, 1998. Djikaev, Y. S. and Ruckenstein, E.: Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Crystal Nucleation in Contact and Immersion Modes, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 11677–11687, 2008. Drab, E., Gaudichet, A., Jaffrezo, J. L., and Colin, J. L.: Mineral particles content in recent snow at Summit (Greenland), Atmos. Env., 36, 5365–5376, 2002. Duft, D. and Leisner, T.: Laboratory evidence for volume-dominated nucleation of ice in supercooled water microdroplets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1997–2000, 2004. Durant, A. J. and Shaw, R. A.: Evaporation freezing by contact nucleation inside-out, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32(20), L20814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024175, 2005. Ettner, M., Mitra, S. K., and Borrmann, S.: Heterogeneous freezing of single sulfuric acid solution droplets: laboratory experiments utilizing an acoustic levitator, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1925–1932, 2004. Evans, L. F.: The role of the adsorbed layer in ice nucleation, Preprint Conf. Cloud Physics, Am. Meteor. Soc., Fort Collins, 1970. Fletcher, N. H.: On contact nucleation, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1098–1099, 1970. Fukuta, N.: A study of the Mechanism of Contact Ice Nucleation, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1597–1603, 1975. Gibson, E. R., Gierlus, K. M., Hudson, P. K., and Grassian, V. H.: Generation of Internally Mixed Insoluble and Soluble Aerosol Particles to Investigate the Impact of Atmospheric Aging and Heterogeneous Processing on the CCN Activity of Mineral Dust Aerosol, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 41, 914–924, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820701557222, 2007. Guenadiev, N.: Sur le mécanisme de congélation des gouttes d'eau sous l'influence d'un aerosol d'iodure d'argent, J. Rech. Atmos., 4, 81–91, 1970. \bibitem[Lohmann and Diehl(2005)] Lohmann2005Lohmann, U. and Diehl, K.: Sensitivity Studies of the Importance of Dust Ice Nuclei for the Indirect Aerosol Effect on Stratiform Mixed-Phase Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci, 63, 968–981, 2005. Mason, B. J. and Maybank, J.: Ice-nucleating properties of some natural mineral dusts, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 84, 235–241, 1958. Matsumoto, M., Saito, S., and Ohmine, I.: Molecular dynamics simulation of the ice nucleation and growth process leading to water freezing, Nature, 416, 409–413, 2002. Miller, J. D., Nalaskowski, J., Abdul, B. and Du, H.: Surface Characteristics of Kaolinite and Other Selected Two Layer Silicate Minerals, Canad. J. Chem. Eng., 85, 617–624, 2007. Mishchenko, M. I., Travis, L. D., and Lacis, A. A.: Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002. Pitter, R. L. and Pruppacher, H. R.: A wind tunnel investigation of freezing of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 540–550, 1973. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2nd Ed., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 347–355, 1998. Roberts, P. and Hallett, J.: A laboratory study of ice nucleating properties of some mineral particulates, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 25–34, 1968. Salam, A., Lohmann, U., Crenna, B., Lesins, G., Klages, P., Rogers, D., Irani, R., MacGillivray, A., and Coffin, M.: Ice Nucleation Studies of Mineral Dust Particles with a New Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 134–143, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500444853, 2006. Schaller, R. C. and Fukuta, N.: Ice nucleation by aerosol-particles – Experimental studies using a wedge shape ice thermal-diffusion chamber, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1788–1802, 1979. Shi, Z., Shao, L., Jones, T. P., and Lu, S.: Microscopy and mineralogy of airborne particles collected during severe dust storm episodes in Beijing, China, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D01303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005073, 2005. Sigurbjörnsson, Ó. F. and Signorell, R.: Volume versus surface nucleation in freezing aerosols, Phys. Rev. E, 77, 051601, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.051601, 2008. Singer, A., Dultz, S., and Argaman, E.: Properties of the non-soluble fractions of suspended dust over the Dead Sea, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1745–1753, 2004. Shaw, R. A., Durant, A. J., and Mi, J.: Heterogeneous Surface Crystallization Observed in Undercooled Water, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 9865–9868, 2005. Suzuki, S., Nakajima, A., Yoshida, N., Sakai, M., Hashimoto, A., Kameshima, Y., and Okada, K.: Freezing of water droplets on silicon surfaces coated with various silanes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 445, 37–41, 2007a. Suzuki, S., Nakajima, A., Yoshida, N., Sakai, M., Hashimoto, A., Kameshima, Y., and Okada, K.: Hydrophobicity and Freezing of a Water Droplet on Fluoroalkylsilane Coatings with Different Roughnesses, Langmuir, 23, 8674–8677, 2007b. Svensson, E. A., Badiei, S., Hallquist, M., and Pettersson, J. B. C.: Freezing of evaporating oxalic acid solution droplets, J. Phys. Chem. A, in review, 2009. Tabazadeh, A., Djikaev, Y. S., Hamill, P., and Reiss, H.: Laboratory Evidence for Surface Nucleation of Solid Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 10238–10246, 2002a. Tabazadeh, A., Djikaev, Y. S., and Reiss, H.: Surface crystallization of supercooled water in clouds, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 15873–15878, 2002b.