ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Atmos. Chem. Phys. 1680-7324 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-8-5957-2008 Technical Note: Chemistry-climate model SOCOL: version 2.0 with improved transport and chemistry/microphysics schemes Schraner M. 1 2 Rozanov E. 1 2 Schnadt Poberaj C. 1 Kenzelmann P. 1 Fischer A. M. 1 Zubov V. 3 Luo B. P. 1 Hoyle C. R. 4 Egorova T. 2 Fueglistaler S. 5 Brönnimann S. 1 Schmutz W. 2 Peter T. 1 Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Physical-Meteorological Observatory/World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland Main Geographical Observatory, St.-Petersburg, Russia Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway DAMTP, University of Cambridge, UK 15 10 2008 8 19 5957 5974 Copyright: © 2008 M. Schraner et al. 2008 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/8/5957/2008/acp-8-5957-2008.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/8/5957/2008/acp-8-5957-2008.pdf

We describe version 2.0 of the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOL. The new version includes fundamental changes of the transport scheme such as transporting all chemical species of the model individually and applying a family-based correction scheme for mass conservation for species of the nitrogen, chlorine and bromine groups, a revised transport scheme for ozone, furthermore more detailed halogen reaction and deposition schemes, and a new cirrus parameterisation in the tropical tropopause region. By means of these changes the model manages to overcome or considerably reduce deficiencies recently identified in SOCOL version 1.1 within the CCM Validation activity of SPARC (CCMVal). In particular, as a consequence of these changes, regional mass loss or accumulation artificially caused by the semi-Lagrangian transport scheme can be significantly reduced, leading to much more realistic distributions of the modelled chemical species, most notably of the halogens and ozone.

 References Austin, J., Shindell, D., Beagley, S. R., Brühl, C., Dameris, M., Manzini, E., Nagashima, T., Newman, P., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Rozanov, E., Schnadt, C., and Shepherd, T. G.: Uncertainties and assessments of chemistry-climate models of the stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1–27, 2003. Bodeker, G. E., Shiona, H., and Eskes, H.: Indicators of Antarctic ozone depletion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2603–2615, 2005. Carslaw, K. S., Luo, B. P., and Peter T.: An analytic-expression for the composition of aqueous HNO<sub>3</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> stratospheric aerosols including gas-phase removal of HNO<sub>3</sub>, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(14), 1877–1880, 1995. Courant, R., Friedrichs, K., and Levy, H.: Über die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik, Math. Annalen, 100, 32–74, 1928. Dameris, M., Greve, V., Ponater, M., Deckert, R., Eyring, V., Mager, F., Matthes, S., Schnadt, C., Stenke, A., Steil, B., Brühl, C., and Giorgetta, M. A.: Long-term changes and variability in a transient simulation with a chemistry-climate model employing realistic forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2121–2145, 2005. Douglass, A. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Stolarski, R. S., Waters, J. W., Russell II, J. M., and Roche, A. E.: Interhemispheric differences in springtime production of HCl and ClONO<sub>2</sub> in the polar vortices, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13 967–13 978, 1995. Egorova, T., Rozanov, E., Schlesinger, M. E., Andronova, N. G., Malyshev, S. L., Zubov, V., and Karol, I. L.: Assessment of the effect of the Montreal Protocol on atmospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2389–2392, 2001. Egorova, T., E. Rozanov, V. Zubov, and I. L. Karol: Model for Investigating Ozone Trends (MEZON), Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 39, 277–292, 2003. Egorova, T., Rozanov, E., Manzini, E., Haberreiter, M., Schmutz, W., Zubov, V., and Peter, T.: Chemical and Dynamical Response to the 11-year Variability of the Solar Irradiance Simulated with a Chemistry-Climate Model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 83, 6225–6230, 2004. Egorova, T., Rozanov, E., Zubov, V., Manzini, E., Schmutz, W., and Peter, T.: Chemistry-climate model SOCOL: a validation of the present-day climatology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1557–1576, 2005. Eyring, V., Butchart, N., Waugh, D. W., Akiyoshi, H., Austin, J., Bekki, S., Bodeker, G. E., Boville, B. A., Brühl, C., Chipperfield, M. P., Cordero, E., Dameris, M., Deushi, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Garcia, R. R., Gettelman, A., Giorgetta, M. A., Greve, V., Jourdain, L., Kinnison, D. E., Mancini, E., Manzini, E., Marchand, M., Marsh, D. R., Nagashima, T., Newman, P. A., Nielsen, J. E., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Plummer, D. A., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Shepherd, T. G., Shibata, K., Stolarski, R. S., Struthers, H., Tian, W., and Yoshiki, M.: Assessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007327, 2006. Fouqart, Y., and B. Bonnel, Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 53, 35–62, 1980. Fischer, A. M., Schraner, M., Rozanov, E., Kenzelmann, P., Schnadt Poberaj, C., Brunner, D., Lustenberger, A., Luo, B. P., Bodeker, G. E., Egorova, T., Schmutz, W., Peter, T., and Brönnimann, S.: Interannual-to-decadal variability of the stratosphere during the 20th century: ensemble simulations with a chemistry-climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 14 371–14 418, 2008. Giorgetta, M. A.: Der Einfluss der quasi-zweijährigen Oszillation: Modellrechnungen mit ECHAM4, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Examensarbeit Nr. 40, MPI-Report 218, 1996. Haberreiter, M., Krivova, N. A., Schmutz, W., and Wenzler, T.:, Restruction of the solar UV irradiance back to 1974, Adv. Space Res., 59, 365–369, 2005. Hanson, D., and Ravishankara, A.: Reactive Uptake of ClONO<sub>2</sub> onto Sulfuric Acid Due to Reaction with HCl and H<sub>2</sub>O, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 5728–5735, 1994. Hanson, D., Ravishankara, A., and Lovejoy, E. R.:, Reaction of BrONO<sub>2</sub> with H<sub>2</sub>O on submicron sulfuric acid aerosol and the implications for the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D4), 9063–9069, 1996. Hauglustaine, D. A., Granier, C., Brasseur, G., and Megie G.: The importance of atmospheric chemistry in the calculation of radiative forcing on the climate system, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1173–1186, 1994. Hines, C. O.: Doppler spread parameterization of gravity wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere, 1, Basic formulation, J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., 59, 371–386, 1997a. Hines, C. O.: Doppler spread parameterization of gravity wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere, 2, Broad and quasi monochromatic spectra and implementation, J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., 59, 387–400, 1997b. Horowitz, L. W., Walters, S., Mauzerall, D. L., Emmons, L. K., Rasch, P. J., Granier, C., Tie, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Schultz, M. G., Tyndall, G. S., Orlando, J. J., and Brasseur, G. P.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4784, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002,853, 2003. Hoyle, C. R.: Three dimensional chemical transport model study of ozone and related gases 1960–2000, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Dissertation No. 16271, 2005. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Special report on aviation and the global atmosphere, edited by: Penner, J. E., Lister, D. H., Griggs, D. J., Dokken, D. J., McFarland, M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 373 pp., 1999. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The scientific basis, Contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2001. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The Physical Science Basis, Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007. Labitzke, K.: On interannual variability of the middle stratosphere during northern winters, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 60, 124–139, 1982. Lean, J.: Evolution of the sun's spectral irradiance since the maunder minimum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(16), 2425–2428, 2000. Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Chuang, C. C., and Penner, J.: Prediction of the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D8), 9169–9198, 1999. Manzini, E. and L. Bengtsson: Stratospheric climate and variability from a general circulation model and observations, Clim. Dyn., 12, 615–639, 1996. Manzini, E., McFarlane, N. A., and McLandress, C.: Impact of the Doppler Spread Parameterization on the simulation of the middle atmosphere circulation using the MA/ECHAM4 general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25 751–25 762, 1997. Manzini, E. and Feichter, J.: Simulation of the SF$_6$ tracer with the middle atmosphere MAECHAM4 model: Aspects of the large-scale transport, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31 097–31 108, 1999. Morcrette, J. J.: Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121–9132, 1991. Müller, J.-F. and Brasseur, G.:, IMAGES: A three-dimensional chemical transport model of the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16 445–16 490, 1995. Murphy, D. M. and Koop, T.: Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131(608), 1539–1565, 2005. Ozolin, Y.: Modelling of diurnal variations of gas species in the atmosphere and diurnal averaging in photochemical models, Izv. Akad. Nauk. Phys. Atmos. Ocean., 28(12), 135–143, 1992. Prather, M. J.: Numerical Advection by Conservation of Second-Order Moments, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6671–6681, 1986. Pruppacher, H. and Klett, J.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2nd edition, 1997. Rayner, N. A., Parker, D. E., Horton, E. B., Folland, C. K., Alexander, L. V., and Rowell, D. R.: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002,670, 2003. Ritchie, H.: Application of a semi-Lagrangian integration scheme to the moisture equation in a regional forecast model, Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 424–435, 1985. Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Christoph, M., Claussen, M., Dümenil, L., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Schlese, U., and Schulzweida, U.: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and simulation of the present-day climate, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Report No. 218, 1996. Rozanov, E., Schlesinger, M. E., Zubov, V., Yang, F., and Andronova, N. G.: The UIUC three-dimensional stratospheric chemical transport model: Description and evaluation of the simulated source gases and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11 755–11 781, 1999. Rozanov, E., Schlesinger, M. E., and Zubov, V.: The University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign three-dimensional stratosphere-troposphere general circulation model with interactive ozone photochemistry: Fifteen-year control run climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 27 233–27 254, 2001. Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Schnadt, C., Egorova, T., Wild, M., Ohmura, A., Zubov, V., Schmutz, W., and Peter, T.: Assessment of the ozone and temperature variability during 1979–1993 with the chemistry climate model SOCOL, Adv. Space. Res., 35(8), 1375–1384, 2005. Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., DeMore, W. B., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Hampson, R. F., Huie, R. E., Moortgat, G. K., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric data, supplemented to evaluation 12: Update of key reactions, JPL Publication 00-3, 2000. Santee, M. L., Froidevaux, L., Manney, G. L., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Roche, A. E., Kumer, J. B., Mergenthaler, J. L., and Russel, J. M.: Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18 835–18 860, 1996. Schmitt, A. and Brunner, B.: Emissions for aviation and their development over time, Pollutants form air-traffic – results of atmospheric research 1992–1997, DLR-Mitt. 97-04, edited by: Schumann, U., Chlond, A., Ebel, A., Kärcher, B., Pate, H., Schlager, H., Schmitt, A., and Wendling, P., DLR Köln, Germany, 37–52, 1997. Schultz, M. G., Heil, A., Hoelzemann, J. J., Spessa, A., Thonicke, K., Goldammer, J., Held, A. C., and Pereira, J. M.: Global Emissions from Wildland Fires from 1960 to 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003031, 2008a. Sinnhuber, B.-M., Rozanov, A., Sheode, N., Afe, O. T., Richter, A., Sinnhuber, M., Wittrock, F., Burrows, J. P., Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., and Linden, A.: Global observations of stratospheric bromine monoxide form SCIAMACHY, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023839, 2005. Stott, P. A. and Harwood, R. S.: An implicit time-stepping scheme for chemical species in a global atmospheric circulation model, Ann. Geophys., 11, 377–388, 1993. Strobel, D. F.: Parameterization of the atmospheric heating rate from 15 to 120 km due to O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> absorption of solar radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 6225–6230, 1978. Thomason, L. and Peter, T.: Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP), SPARC Report No. 4., WCRP-124, WMO/TD-No. 1295, 2006. Turman, B. N. and Edgar, B. C.: Global lightning distributions at drawn and dusk, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1191–1206, 1982. Williamson, D. L. and Rasch, P. J.: Two-dimensional semi-Lagrangian transport with shape-preserving interpolation, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 102–129, 1989. WMO, World Meteorological Organization: Meteorology – a three-dimensional science, 230 WMO Bull., 6, 134–138, 1957. WMO: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2002, Global ozone research and monitoring project-report No. 47, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. WMO: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006, Global ozone research and monitoring project-report No. 50, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. Zubov, V., Rozanov, E., and Schlesinger, M. E.: Hybrid scheme for three-dimensional advective transport, Mon. Weather Rev., 127(6), 1335–1346, 1999.