References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007

An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts

Grannas

A. M.

¹ Jones

A. E.

² Dibb

³ Ammann

⁴ Anastasio

⁵ Beine

H. J.

⁶ Bergin

⁷ Bottenheim

⁸ Boxe

C. S.

⁹ Carver

¹⁰ Chen

¹¹ Crawford

J. H.

¹¹ Dominé

¹² Frey

M. M.

¹² ¹³ Guzmán

M. I.

¹⁴ ⁹ Heard

D. E.

¹⁵ Helmig

¹⁶ Hoffmann

M. R.

⁹ Honrath

R. E.

¹⁷ Huey

L. G.

¹⁸ Hutterli

² Jacobi

H. W.

¹⁹ Klán

²⁰ Lefer

²⁹ McConnell

²¹ Plane

¹⁵ Sander

²² Savarino

¹² Shepson

P. B.

²³ Simpson

W. R.

²⁴ Sodeau

J. R.

²⁵ von Glasow

²⁶ ²⁷ Weller

¹⁹ Wolff

E. W.

² Zhu

²⁸

Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA

British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK

Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland

Department of Land, Air {&} Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Inquinamento Atmosferico (C.N.R. – I.I.A); Via Salaria Km 29,3; 00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

Air Quality Research Branch, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada

W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA

Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement,CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble, St Martin d'Hères Cedex, France

School of Engineering, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA

Currently at School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA

School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

Masaryk University, Department of Chemistry, Brno, Czech Republic

Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Air Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany

Dept. of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Department of Chemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA

Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Department of Geosciences, University of Houston, TX 77204, USA

22 08 2007

7 16 4329 4373

2007

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It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays an important role in processing atmospheric species. Photochemical production of a variety of chemicals has recently been reported to occur in snow/ice and the release of these photochemically generated species may significantly impact the chemistry of the overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen oxide and oxidant precursor fluxes have been measured in a number of snow covered environments, where in some cases the emissions significantly impact the overlying boundary layer. For example, photochemical ozone production (such as that occurring in polluted mid-latitudes) of 3–4 ppbv/day has been observed at South Pole, due to high OH and NO levels present in a relatively shallow boundary layer. Field and laboratory experiments have determined that the origin of the observed NOx flux is the photochemistry of nitrate within the snowpack, however some details of the mechanism have not yet been elucidated. A variety of low molecular weight organic compounds have been shown to be emitted from sunlit snowpacks, the source of which has been proposed to be either direct or indirect photo-oxidation of natural organic materials present in the snow. Although myriad studies have observed active processing of species within irradiated snowpacks, the fundamental chemistry occurring remains poorly understood. Here we consider the nature of snow at a fundamental, physical level; photochemical processes within snow and the caveats needed for comparison to atmospheric photochemistry; our current understanding of nitrogen, oxidant, halogen and organic photochemistry within snow; the current limitations faced by the field and implications for the future.

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