References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-7-423-2007

Long-range transport of Asian dust and air pollutants to Taiwan: observed evidence and model simulation

Lin

C.-Y.

¹ Wang

² Chen

W.-N.

¹ Chang

S.-Y.

¹ Chou

C. C. K.

¹ Sugimoto

³ Zhao

Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan

Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan

24 01 2007

7 2 423 434

2007

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/7/423/2007/acp-7-423-2007.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/7/423/2007/acp-7-423-2007.pdf

Long-range transport of Asian dust and air pollutants are major environmental concerns of Taiwan during the winter monsoon season when northeasterly winds prevail following passages of cold fronts. Based on hourly measurements of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) air quality monitoring stations, Lidar and in-situ IC, a significant long-range transport dust and air pollutants event on 18 March 2005 has been identified. During this episode, drastically elevated concentrations of PM10, CO and SO2 along with the strong northeasterly on 18 March were observed over background Wanli station, with peaks of about 170 μgm−3, 1.0 ppm and 14 ppb, respectively. We have found that air masses of air pollutants and Asian dust are transported separately. Although the mixing takes place on the way to Taiwan, it mixes slightly when they arrived in Taiwan. The major component of the first PM10 peak were air pollutants, evidenced by the consistent peaks of SO42− and NO3<sup− measured by in-situ IC, while no significant depolarization was measured by Lidar. In contrast, the evident non-spherical particles and hourly PM10 concentration consistently varied with Ca2+ indicating that mineral dust was the major component of the second peak. Trajectory analysis showed that these two peaks come from quite different sources areas. The air masses of the first peak mainly come from anthropogenic area and transport in the low boundary layer (<1500 m) while the masses of the second peak originate from high altitude (>4000 m) of desert areas. Numerical results showed significant agreement of temporal and vertical variation of aerosol concentration with observations. The phenomena of split air parcels between air pollutants and Asian dust transported to Taiwan are strongly associated with the transport paths and stable and dry atmospheric boundary conditions.

References 1

Arimoto, R., Zhang, X. Y., Huebert, B. J., et al.: Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols from Zhenbeitai, China, and Gosan, South Korea, during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004323, 2004.

Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Savoie, D. L., et al.: Relationships among aerosol constituents from Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-West A., J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2011–2023, 1996.

Chang, S.-Y., Fan, G.-C., Chou, C. C.-K., and Chen, W.-N.: Source identifications of PM$_10$ aerosols depending on hourly measurements of soluble components characterization among different events in Taipei Basin during spring season of 2004, Chemosphere, 65, 792–801, 2006.

Chen, J. P., Wang, Z., Young, C.-Y., Tsai, F., Tsai, I.-C., Wang, G.-J., Shieh, W.-C., Lin, H. W. Huang, J.-Y., and Lu, M.-J.: Simulation of Asian yellow dust incursion over Taiwan for the spring of 2002 and 2003, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 15(5), 949–981, 2004.

Chun, Y. S., Boo, K. O., Kim, K., Park, S. U., and Lee, M.: Synopsis, Transport, and physical characteristics of Asian dust in Korea, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18 461–18 469, 2001.

Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: An overview of the Hysplit-4 modeling system for trajectories, dispersion, deposition, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 47, 295–308, 1998.

Duce, R. A., Unni, C. K., Ray, B. J., Prospero, J. M., and Merrill, J. T.: Long-range atmospheric transport of soil dust from Asia to the tropical North Pacific: Temporal variability, Science, 209, 1522–1524, 1980.

Gao, W., Wei, W., and Liu, M.: Analysis on the regional characteristics of sand-dust aerosol over Tarim Basin, Arid Land Geography, 25(2), 165–169, 2002.

Grell, G. A., Dudhia, J., and Stauffer, D. R.: A description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), Tech. Note NCAR/TN-398+STR, 122 pp, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1995.

Huebert, B. J., Bates, T., Russell, P. B., et al.: An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts, ACE-Asia special issue A, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8633, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003550, 2003.

Husar R. B., Tratt, D. M., Schichtel, B. A., et al.: The Asian dust events of April 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 18 317–18 330, 2001.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2001 – Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2001.

Jaffe, D. A., Mahura, A., Kelley, J., Atkins, J., Novelli, P. C., and Merrill, J.: Impact of Asian emissions on the remote North Pacific atmostphere: Interpretation of CO data from Shemya, Guam, Midway, and Mauna Loa, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28 627–28 636,1997.

Li, X., Maring, H., Savoie, D., Voss, K., and Prospero, J. M.: Dominance of mineral dust in aerosol light-scattering in the North Atlantic trade wind, Nature, 380, 416–419, 1996.

Lin, C.-Y., Liu, S. C., Chou, C. C.-K., Liu, T. H., Lee, C.-T., Yuan, C.-S., Shiu, C.-J., and Young, C.-Y.: Long-Range Transport of Asian Dust and Air Pollutants to Taiwan , Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 15(5), 759–784, 2004.

Lin, C.-Y., Liu, S. C., Chou, C. C.-K., Huang, S.-J., Liu, C.-M., Kuo, C.-H., and Young, C.-Y.: Long-range transport of aerosols and their impact on the air quality of Taiwan, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6066–6067, 2005.

Lin, C.-Y., Wang, Z., Chou, C. C.-K., Chang, C.-C., and Liu, S.-C.: A numerical study of an autumn high ozone episode over southwestern Taiwan, Atmos. Environ., in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.050, 2007.

Matsumoto, K., Uyama, Y., Hayano, T., Tanimoto, H., Uno, I., and Uematsu, M.: Chemical properties and outflow patterns of anthropogenic and dust paticles on Rishiri Island during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8666, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003426, 2003.

Murayama, T., Sugimoto, N., Uno, I., et al.: Ground-based network observation of Asian dust eveint of April 1998 in east Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18 345–18 359, 2001.

Nakajima, T., Sekiguchi, M., Takemura, T., et al.: Significance of direct and indirect radiative forcings of aerosols in the East China Sea region, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8658, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003261, 2003.

Prospero, J. M., Savoie, D. L., and Arimoto, R. A.: Long-term record of nss-sulfate and nitrate in aerosols on Midway Island, 1981–2000: Evidence of increased (now decreasing?) anthropogenic emissions from Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001524, 2003.

Prospero, J. M. and Savoie, D. L.: Effect of continental sources of nitrate concentrations over the Pacific Ocean, Nature, 339, 687–689, 1989.

Satake, S., Uno, I., Takemura, T., et al.: Characteristics of Asian aerosol transport simulated with a regional-scale chemical transport model during the ACE-Asia observation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003997.

Seinfeld, J. H., Carmichael, G. R., Arimoto, R., et al.: ACE-ASIA regional climate and Atmospheric chemical effects of Asian dust and pollution, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 367–380, 2004.

Shaw, G. E.: Transport of Asian desert aerosol to Hawaiian Islands, J. Appl. Meteorol., 19, 1254–1259, 1980.

Sokolik, I. N. and Toon, O. B.: Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols, Nature, 381, 681–683, 1996.

Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S. M., Tsai, N. Y., Wang, M. Q., Woo, J. H., and Yarber, K. F.: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 8809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003.

Takemural, T., Uno, I., Nakajima, T., Higurashi, A., and Sano, I.: Modeling study of long-range transport of Asian dust and anthropogenic aerosols from East Asia, Geophys, Res. Lett., 29, 2158, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016251, 2002.

Uematsu, M., Duce, R. A., Prospero, J. M., Chen, L., Merrill, J. T., and McDonald, R. L.: Transport of mineral aerosol from Asia over the North Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5343–5352, 1983.

Uematsu, M., Yoshikawa, A., Muraki, H., Arao, K., and Uno, I.: Transport of mineral and anthropogenic aerosols during a Kosa event over East Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D7), 4059, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000333, 2002.

Uno, I., Amano, H., Emori, S., Kinoshita, K., Matsui, I., and Sugimoto, N.: Trans-Pacific yellow sand transport observed in April 1998: A numerical simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18 331–18 334, 2001.

Uno, I., Carmichael, G. R., Street, D. G., et al.: Regional chemical weather forecasting system CFORS: Model description and analysis of surface observations at Japanese island stations during the ACE-Asia experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8668, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002845, 2003.

Wang, Z., Ueda, H., and Huang, M.: A deflation module for use in modeling long-range transport of yellow sand over East Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26 947–26 960, 2000.

Wang, Z., Akimoto, H., and Uno, I.: Neutralization of soil aerosol and its impact on the distribution of acid rain over East Asia: Observation and model results, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4389, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001040, 2002.

Zhang, X. Y., Gong, S. L., Shen, Z. X., et al.: Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia:1. Network observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4261, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002632, 2003.

Zhao, T. L., Gong, S. L., Zhang, X. Y., and McKendry, I. G.: Modeled size-segregated wet and dry deposition budgets of soil dust aerosol during ACE-Asia 2001: Implications for trans-Pacific transport, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8665, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003363,2003.

Zhou, M.-Y., Yang, S.-J., Parungo, F. P., and Harris, J. M.: Chemistry of marine aerosols over the western Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1779–1787, 1990.