References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015

Single-particle characterization of ice-nucleating particles and ice particle residuals sampled by three different techniques

Worringen

¹ ⁷ Kandler

¹ Benker

¹ Dirsch

¹ Mertes

² Schenk

² Kästner

² Frank

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1477-2920

³ Nillius

³ ⁸ Bundke

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5484-8099

³ ⁹ Rose

³ Curtius

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3153-4630

³ Kupiszewski

⁴ Weingartner

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2427-4634

⁴ ¹⁰ Vochezer

⁵ Schneider

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7169-3973

⁶ Schmidt

⁶ Weinbruch

¹ Ebert

Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany

Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany

Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany

Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany

now at: Max-Planck-Institute für Chemie, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany

now at: Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany

now at: University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, Institute of Aerosol and Sensor Technology, Klosterzelgstrasse 2, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland

22 04 2015

15 8 4161 4178

2015

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/15/4161/2015/acp-15-4161-2015.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/15/4161/2015/acp-15-4161-2015.pdf

In the present work, three different techniques to separate ice-nucleating particles (INPs) as well as ice particle residuals (IPRs) from non-ice-active particles are compared. The Ice Selective Inlet (ISI) and the Ice Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI) sample ice particles from mixed-phase clouds and allow after evaporation in the instrument for the analysis of the residuals. The Fast Ice Nucleus Chamber (FINCH) coupled with the Ice Nuclei Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor (IN-PCVI) provides ice-activating conditions to aerosol particles and extracts the activated particles for analysis. The instruments were run during a joint field campaign which took place in January and February 2013 at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland). INPs and IPRs were analyzed offline by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to determine their size, chemical composition and mixing state. Online analysis of the size and chemical composition of INP activated in FINCH was performed by laser ablation mass spectrometry. With all three INP/IPR separation techniques high abundances (median 20–70%) of instrumental contamination artifacts were observed (ISI: Si-O spheres, probably calibration aerosol; Ice-CVI: Al-O particles; FINCH + IN-PCVI: steel particles). After removal of the instrumental contamination particles, silicates, Ca-rich particles, carbonaceous material and metal oxides were the major INP/IPR particle types obtained by all three techniques. In addition, considerable amounts (median abundance mostly a few percent) of soluble material (e.g., sea salt, sulfates) were observed. As these soluble particles are often not expected to act as INP/IPR, we consider them as potential measurement artifacts. Minor types of INP/IPR include soot and Pb-bearing particles. The Pb-bearing particles are mainly present as an internal mixture with other particle types. Most samples showed a maximum of the INP/IPR size distribution at 200–400 nm in geometric diameter. In a few cases, a second supermicron maximum was identified. Soot/carbonaceous material and metal oxides were present mainly in the sub-micrometer range. Silicates and Ca-rich particles were mainly found with diameters above 1 μm (using ISI and FINCH), in contrast to the Ice-CVI which also sampled many submicron particles of both groups. Due to changing meteorological conditions, the INP/IPR composition was highly variable if different samples were compared. Thus, the observed discrepancies between the different separation techniques may partly result from the non-parallel sampling. The differences of the particle group relative number abundance as well as the mixing state of INP/IPR clearly demonstrate the need of further studies to better understand the influence of the separation techniques on the INP/IPR chemical composition. Also, it must be concluded that the abundance of contamination artifacts in the separated INP and IPR is generally large and should be corrected for, emphasizing the need for the accompanying chemical measurements. Thus, further work is needed to allow for routine operation of the three separation techniques investigated.

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