ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Atmos. Chem. Phys. 1680-7324 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-15-3445-2015 Long-term particulate matter modeling for health effect studies in California – Part 1: Model performance on temporal and spatial variations Hu J. 1 Zhang H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-2311 1 Ying Q. 2 Chen S.-H. 3 Vandenberghe F. 4 Kleeman M. J. 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A{&}M University, College Station, TX, USA Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA 30 03 2015 15 6 3445 3461 Copyright: © 2015 J. Hu et al. 2015 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/15/3445/2015/acp-15-3445-2015.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/15/3445/2015/acp-15-3445-2015.pdf

For the first time, a ~ decadal (9 years from 2000 to 2008) air quality model simulation with 4 km horizontal resolution over populated regions and daily time resolution has been conducted for California to provide air quality data for health effect studies. Model predictions are compared to measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation with an emphasis on spatial and temporal variations that could be used in epidemiology studies. Better model performance is found at longer averaging times, suggesting that model results with averaging times &ge; 1 month should be the first to be considered in epidemiological studies. The UCD/CIT model predicts spatial and temporal variations in the concentrations of O<sub>3</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), nitrate, and ammonium that meet standard modeling performance criteria when compared to monthly-averaged measurements. Predicted sulfate concentrations do not meet target performance metrics due to missing sulfur sources in the emissions. Predicted seasonal and annual variations of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, EC, OC, nitrate, and ammonium have mean fractional biases that meet the model performance criteria in 95, 100, 71, 73, and 92% of the simulated months, respectively. The base data set provides an improvement for predicted population exposure to PM concentrations in California compared to exposures estimated by central site monitors operated 1 day out of every 3 days at a few urban locations. <br><br> Uncertainties in the model predictions arise from several issues. Incomplete understanding of secondary organic aerosol formation mechanisms leads to OC bias in the model results in summertime but does not affect OC predictions in winter when concentrations are typically highest. The CO and NO (species dominated by mobile emissions) results reveal temporal and spatial uncertainties associated with the mobile emissions generated by the EMFAC 2007 model. The WRF model tends to overpredict wind speed during stagnation events, leading to underpredictions of high PM concentrations, usually in winter months. The WRF model also generally underpredicts relative humidity, resulting in less particulate nitrate formation, especially during winter months. These limitations must be recognized when using data in health studies. All model results included in the current manuscript can be downloaded free of charge at <a href="http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/kleeman/"target="_blank">http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/kleeman/</a> .

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