References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-14-6853-2014

Modeling the influences of aerosols on pre-monsoon circulation and rainfall over Southeast Asia

Lee

¹ ² ³ Sud

Y. C.

² Oreopoulos

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-6905

² Kim

K.-M.

² Lau

W. K.

² Kang

I.-S.

GESTAR, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

04 07 2014

14 13 6853 6866

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/6853/2014/acp-14-6853-2014.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/6853/2014/acp-14-6853-2014.pdf

We conduct several sets of simulations with a version of NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5, (GEOS-5) Atmospheric Global Climate Model (AGCM) equipped with a two-moment cloud microphysical scheme to understand the role of biomass burning aerosol (BBA) emissions in Southeast Asia (SEA) in the pre-monsoon period of February–May. Our experiments are designed so that both direct and indirect aerosol effects can be evaluated. For climatologically prescribed monthly sea surface temperatures, we conduct sets of model integrations with and without biomass burning emissions in the area of peak burning activity, and with direct aerosol radiative effects either active or inactive. Taking appropriate differences between AGCM experiment sets, we find that BBA affects liquid clouds in statistically significantly ways, increasing cloud droplet number concentrations, decreasing droplet effective radii (i.e., a classic aerosol indirect effect), and locally suppressing precipitation due to a deceleration of the autoconversion process, with the latter effect apparently also leading to cloud condensate increases. Geographical re-arrangements of precipitation patterns, with precipitation increases downwind of aerosol sources are also seen, most likely because of advection of weakly precipitating cloud fields. Somewhat unexpectedly, the change in cloud radiative effect (cloud forcing) at surface is in the direction of lesser cooling because of decreases in cloud fraction. Overall, however, because of direct radiative effect contributions, aerosols exert a net negative forcing at both the top of the atmosphere and, perhaps most importantly, the surface, where decreased evaporation triggers feedbacks that further reduce precipitation. Invoking the approximation that direct and indirect aerosol effects are additive, we estimate that the overall precipitation reduction is about 40% due to the direct effects of absorbing aerosols, which stabilize the atmosphere and reduce surface latent heat fluxes via cooler land surface temperatures. Further refinements of our two-moment cloud microphysics scheme are needed for a more complete examination of the role of aerosol–convection interactions in the seasonal development of the SEA monsoon.

References 1

Albrecht, B.: Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227–1230, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4923.1227">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4923.1227</a>, 1989.

Barahona, D. and Nenes, A.: Parameterizing the competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing in cirrus cloud formation – monodisperse ice nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 369–381, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-369-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-369-2009</a>, 2009a.

Barahona, D. and Nenes, A.: Parameterizing the competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing in ice cloud formation – polydisperse ice nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5933–5948, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5933-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5933-2009</a>, 2009b.

Bollasina, M., Ming, Y., and Ramaswamy, V.: Anthropogenic Aerosols and the Weakening of the South Asian Summer Monsoon, Science, 334, 502–505, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204994">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204994</a>, 2011.

Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., Torres, O., Holben, B., Duncan, B., Martin, R., Logan, J., Higurashi, A., and Nakajima, T.: Tropospheric aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with satellite and Sun photometer measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 461–483, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0461:TAOTFT>2.0.CO;2">https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0461:TAOTFT>2.0.CO;2</a>, 2002.

Chu, D., Kaufman, Y., Ichoku, C., Remer, L., Tanre, D., and Holben, B.: Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval over land, Geophy. Res. Lett., 29, 1617, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013205">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013205</a>, 2002.

Chung, C. and Ramanathan, V.: Weakening of North Indian SST gradients and the monsoon rainfall in India and the Sahel, J. Climate, 19, 2036–2045, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3820.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3820.1</a>, 2006.

Clough, S., Shephard, M., Mlawer, E., Delamere, J., Iacono, M., Cady-Pereira, K., Boukabara, S., and Brown, P.: Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: a summary of the AER codes, J. Quant. Spec. Ra., 91, 233–244, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058</a>, 2005.

Colarco, P., da Silva, A., Chin, M., and Diehl, T.: Online simulations of global aerosol distributions in the NASA GEOS-4 model and comparisons to satellite and ground-based aerosol optical depth, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D14207, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012820">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012820</a>, 2010.

Darmenov, A. and da Silva, A.: The Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED) – Documentation of versions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4., NASA Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, NASA TM-2013-104606, Vol. 32, 183 pp., 2013.

Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A.: Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D11212, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005591">https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005591</a>, 2005

Ganguly, D., Rasch, P., Wang, H., and Yoon, J.: Climate response of the South Asian monsoon system to anthropogenic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D13209, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017508">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017508</a>, 2012.

Gautam, R., Hsu, N., Eck, T., Holben, B., Janjai, S., Jantarach, T., Tsay, S., and Lau, W.: Characterization of aerosols over the Indochina peninsula from satellite-surface observations during biomass burning pre-monsoon season, Atmos. Environ., 78, 51–59, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.038">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.038</a>, 2013.

Guo, L., Highwood, E. J., Shaffrey, L. C., and Turner, A. G.: The effect of regional changes in anthropogenic aerosols on rainfall of the East Asian Summer Monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1521–1534, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1521-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1521-2013</a>, 2013.

Huffman, G., Adler, R., Morrissey, M., Bolvin, D., Curtis, S., Joyce, R., McGavock, B., and Susskind, J.: Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multisatellite observations, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 36–50, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0036:GPAODD>2.0.CO;2">https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0036:GPAODD>2.0.CO;2</a>, 2001.

Ichoku, C., Giglio, L., Wooster, M., and Remer, L.: Global characterization of biomass-burning patterns using satellite measurements of fire radiative energy, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 2950–2962, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.009</a>, 2008.

Kaufman, Y. and Koren, I.: Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover, Science, 313, 655–658, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1126232">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1126232</a>, 2006.

Kaufman, Y., Koren, I., Remer, L., Rosenfeld, D., and Rudich, Y.: The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 11207–11212, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505191102">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505191102</a>, 2005.

Kim, D. and Kang, I.-S.: A bulk mass flux convection scheme for climate model: description and moisture sensitivity, Clim. Dynam., 38, 411–429, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0972-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0972-2</a>, 2012.

Kim, M.-K., Lau, K.-M., Kim, K.-M., and Lee, W.: A GCM study of effects of radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol on large scale circulation and rainfall in East Asia during boreal spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24701, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031683">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031683</a>, 2007.

Klein, S., Zhang, Y., Zelinka, M., Pincus, R., Boyle, J., and Gleckler, P.: Are climate model simulations of clouds improving? An evaluation using the ISCCP simulator, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 1329–1342, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50141">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50141</a>, 2013.

Lau, K.-M. and Kim, K.-M.: Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21810, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027546">https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027546</a>, 2006.

Lau, K.-M. and Kim, K.-M.: Impact of aerosols on the Asian monsoon – an interim assessment, in: Climate Change: Multidecadal and Beyond, edited by: Chang, C.-P., Ghil, M., Latif, M., and Wallace, M., in press, World Scientific, 2014.

Lau, K.-M., Kim, M.-K., and Kim, K.-M.: Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: the role of the Tibetan Plateau, Clim. Dynam., 26, 855–864, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0114-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0114-z</a>, 2006.

Li, Z., Niu, F., Fan, J., Liu, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Ding, Y.: Long-term impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation, Nat. Geosci., 4, 888–894, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1313">https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1313</a>, 2011.

Lin, C.-Y., Hsu, H.-m., Lee, Y. H., Kuo, C. H., Sheng, Y.-F., and Chu, D. A.: A new transport mechanism of biomass burning from Indochina as identified by modeling studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7901–7911, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7901-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7901-2009</a>, 2009.

Lim, K.-S. S., Fan, J., Leung, L. R., Ma, P.-L., Singh, B., Zhao, C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., and Song, X.: Investigation of aerosol indirect effects using a cumulus microphysics parameterization in a regional climate model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 906–926, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020958">https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020958</a>, 2014.

Meehl, G., Arblaster, J., and Collins, W.: Effects of black carbon aerosols on the Indian monsoon, J. Climate, 21, 2869–2882, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1</a>, 2008.

Molod, A., Takacs, L., Suarez, M. J., Bacmeister, J., Song, I.-S., and Eichmann, A.: GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model: mean climate development from MERRA to Fortuna, Tech. Memo., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MD, 115 pp., 2012.

Moorthy, K., Babu, S., Manoj, M., and Satheesh, S.: Buildup of aerosols over the Indian Region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1011–1014, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50165">https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50165</a>, 2013.

Oreopoulos, L., Lee, D., Sud, Y. C., and Suarez, M. J.: Radiative impacts of cloud heterogeneity and overlap in an atmospheric General Circulation Model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9097–9111, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9097-2012">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9097-2012</a>, 2012.

Petters, M., Carrico, C., Kreidenweis, S., Prenni, A., DeMott, P., Collett, J., and Moosmuller, H.: Cloud condensation nucleation activity of biomass burning aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D22205, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012353">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012353</a>, 2009.

Pincus, R., Barker, H., and Morcrette, J.: A fast, flexible, approximate technique for computing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous cloud fields, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4376, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003322">https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003322</a>, 2003.

Platnick, S., King, M., Ackerman, S., Menzel, W., Baum, B., Riedi, J., and Frey, R.: The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from Terra, Ieee T. Geosci. Remote, 41, 459–473, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301">https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301</a>, 2003.

Quaas, J., Stevens, B., Stier, P., and Lohmann, U.: Interpreting the cloud cover – aerosol optical depth relationship found in satellite data using a general circulation model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6129–6135, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6129-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6129-2010</a>, 2010.

Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J., Washington, W., Fu, Q., Sikka, D., and Wild, M.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 5326–5333, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500656102">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500656102</a>, 2005.

Rienecker M. M., Suarez, M. J., Todling R., Bacmeister J., Takacs L., Liu H.-C., Gu W., Sienkiewicz M., Koster, R. D., Gelaro, R., Stajner, I., and Nielsen, J. E.: The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System Documentation of Versions 1 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0. NASA/TM–2008–2 104606, Vol. 27, 118 pp., 2008.

Roelofs, G.-J.: A steady-state analysis of the temperature responses of water vapor and aerosol lifetimes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8245–8254, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8245-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8245-2013</a>, 2013.

Rosenfeld, D., Lohmann, U., Raga, G., O'Dowd, C., Kulmala, M., Fuzzi, S., Reissell, A., and Andreae, M.: Flood or drought: How do aerosols affect precipitation?, Science, 321, 1309–1313, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1160606">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160606</a>, 2008.

Rotstayn, L., Ryan, B., and Katzfey, J.: A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase stratiform clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 1070–1088, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1070:ASFCOT>2.0.CO;2">https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1070:ASFCOT>2.0.CO;2</a>, 2000.

Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.: A double-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion and selfcollection, Atmos. Res., 59, 265–281, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00126-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00126-0</a>, 2001.

Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.: A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 45–66, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4</a>, 2006.

Sud, Y. C. and Lee, D.: Parameterization of aerosol indirect effect to complement McRAS cloud scheme and its evaluation with the 3-year ARM-SGP analyzed data for single column models, Atmos. Res., 86, 105–125, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.03.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.03.007</a>, 2007.

Sud, Y. C. and Walker, G.: Microphysics of Clouds with the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS). Part I: Design and evaluation with GATE Phase III data, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3196–3220, 1999.

Sud, Y. C. and Walker, G.: New upgrades to the microphysics and thermodynamics of clouds in McRAS: SCM and GCM evaluation of simulation biases in GEOS GCM, P. Natl. A. Sci. India A, 69, 543–565, 2003.

Sud, Y. C., Lee, D., Oreopoulos, L., Barahona, D., Nenes, A., and Suarez, M. J.: Performance of McRAS-AC in the GEOS-5 AGCM: aerosol-cloud-microphysics, precipitation, cloud radiative effects, and circulation, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 57–79, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-57-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-57-2013</a>, 2013.

Sundqvist, H.: Parameterization of condensation and associated clouds in models for weather prediction and general circulation simulation, Physically based modeling and simulation of climate and climatic change, edited by: Schlesinger, M. E., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 433–461, 1988.

Tao, W., Chen, J., Li, Z., Wang, C., and Zhang, C.: Impact of aerosols on conective clouds and precipitation, Rev. Geophys., 50, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000369">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000369</a>, 2012.

Taylor, D.: Biomass burning, humans and climate change in Southeast Asia, Biodivers. Conserv., 19, 1025–1042, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9756-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9756-6</a>, 2010.

Tosca, M. G., Randerson, J. T., Zender, C. S., Flanner, M. G., and Rasch, P. J.: Do biomass burning aerosols intensify drought in equatorial Asia during El Niño?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3515–3528, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3515-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3515-2010</a>, 2010.

Twomey, S.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149–1152, 1977.

Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011</a>, 2011.

Wu, L., Su, H., and Jiang, J.: Regional simulation of aerosol impacts on precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 6454–6467, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50527">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50527</a>, 2013.