References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014

Emission trends and mitigation options for air pollutants in East Asia

Wang

S. X.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-1963

² ¹ Zhao

¹ Cai

S. Y.

¹ Klimont

³ Nielsen

C. P.

⁴ Morikawa

⁵ Woo

J. H.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-8467

⁶ Kim

⁶ Fu

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-0522

¹ Xu

J. Y.

¹ Hao

J. M.

² ¹ He

K. B.

² ¹

State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China

International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria

Harvard China Project, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Japan Automobile Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea

01 07 2014

14 13 6571 6603

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/6571/2014/acp-14-6571-2014.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/6571/2014/acp-14-6571-2014.pdf

Emissions of air pollutants in East Asia play an important role in the regional and global atmospheric environment. In this study we evaluated the recent emission trends of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) in East Asia, and projected their future emissions up until 2030 with six emission scenarios. The results will provide future emission projections for the modeling community of the model inter-comparison program for Asia (MICS-Asia). During 2005–2010, the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5 in East Asia decreased by 15 and 12%, respectively, mainly attributable to the large-scale deployment of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) at China's power plants, and the promotion of highly efficient PM removal technologies in China's power plants and cement industry. During this period, the emissions of NOx and NMVOC increased by 25 and 15%, driven by rapid increase in the emissions from China due to inadequate control strategies. In contrast, the NOx and NMVOC emissions in East Asia except China decreased by 13–17%, mainly due to the implementation of stringent vehicle emission standards in Japan and South Korea. Under current regulations and current levels of implementation, NOx, SO2, and NMVOC emissions in East Asia are projected to increase by about one-quarter over 2010 levels by 2030, while PM2.5 emissions are expected to decrease by 7%. Assuming enforcement of new energy-saving policies, emissions of NOx, SO2, PM2.5 and NMVOC in East Asia are expected to decrease by 28, 36, 28, and 15%, respectively, compared with the baseline case. The implementation of "progressive" end-of-pipe control measures would lead to another one-third reduction of the baseline emissions of NOx, and about one-quarter reduction of SO2, PM2.5, and NMVOC. Assuming the full application of technically feasible energy-saving policies and end-of-pipe control technologies, the emissions of NOx, SO2, and PM2.5 in East Asia would account for only about one-quarter, and NMVOC for one-third, of the levels of the baseline projection. Compared with previous projections, this study projects larger reductions in NOx and SO2 emissions by considering aggressive governmental plans and standards scheduled to be implemented in the next decade, and quantifies the significant effects of detailed progressive control measures on NMVOC emissions up until 2030.

References 1

Amann, M., Jiang, K. J., Hao, J. M., and Wang, S. X.: Scenarios for cost-effective control of air pollution and greenhouse gases in China, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 51, 2008.

Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Posch, M., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schopp, W., Wagner, F., and Winiwarter, W.: Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications, Environ. Modell. Softw., 26, 1489–1501, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012</a>, 2011.

Bo, Y., Cai, H., and Xie, S. D.: Spatial and temporal variation of historical anthropogenic NMVOCs emission inventories in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7297–-7316, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7297-2008">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7297-2008</a>, 2008.

China Electric Power Yearbook Committee: China Electric Power Yearbook 2006, China Electric Power Press, Beijing, China, 2006 (in Chinese).

China Electric Power Yearbook Committee: China Electric Power Yearbook 2011, China Electric Power Press, Beijing, China, 2011 (in Chinese).

Cofala, J., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., and Hoglund-Isaksson, L.: Scenarios of global anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and methane until 2030, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8486–8499, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.010</a>, 2007.

Cofala, J., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P., Sander, R., Schöpp, W., and Amann, A.: Emissions of Air Pollutants for the World Energy Outlook 2012 Energy Scenarios, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 2012.

Delphi Company: Worldwide Emission Standard: Heavy Duty and Off-Highway Vehicles, available at <a href="www.delphi.com/emissions-hd">www.delphi.com/emissions-hd</a> (last access: 1 November 2013), Delphi company, Troy, Michigan, US, 100 pp., 2013a.

Delphi Company: Worldwide Emission Standard: Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles, available at <a href="www.delphi.com/emissions-pc">www.delphi.com/emissions-pc</a> (last access: 1 November 2013), Delphi company, Troy, Michigan, US, 100 pp., 2013b.

Energy Conservation Center of Japan: Japan Energy Conservation Handbook 2011, available at <a href="http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/databook/2011/">http://www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp/databook/2011/</a> (last access: 1 October 2013), Energy Conservation Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 145 pp., 2011.

Fioletov, V. E., McLinden, C. A., Krotkov, N., Yang, K., Loyola, D. G., Valks, P., Theys, N., Van Roozendael, M., Nowlan, C. R., Chance, K., Liu, X., Lee, C., and Martin, R. V.: Application of OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 satellite SO2 retrievals for detection of large emission sources, J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 118, 11399–11418, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50826">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50826</a>, 2013.

Huo, H., Lei, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhao, L. J., and He, K. B.: China's coke industry: Recent policies, technology shift, and implication for energy and the environment, Energ. Policy., 51, 397–404, 2012.

Institute of Energy Economics of Japan: Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics in Japan, Institute of Energy Economics of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 370 pp., 2010.

International Energy Agency (IEA): Energy Balances of OECD Countries 1999–2000, International Energy Agency, Head of Publications Service, Paris, France, 249 pp., 2002.

International Energy Agency (IEA): Energy policy of IEA countries: Korea 2006 Review, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2006.

International Energy Agency (IEA): Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2004–2005, International Energy Agency, Head of Publications Service, Paris, France, 249 pp., 2007.

International Energy Agency (IEA): Energy policy of IEA countries: Japan 2008 Review, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2008.

International Energy Agency (IEA): World Energy Outlook 2009, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2009.

International Energy Agency (IEA): Energy policy of IEA countries: Korea 2012 Review, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2012a.

International Energy Agency (IEA): Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2009–2010, International Energy Agency, Head of Publications Service, Paris, France, 249 pp., 2012b.

Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association: PM/PM2.5 in Ambient Air & Related Activities in Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Tokyo, Japan, 51 pp., 2011.

Japan Petroleum Energy Center (JPEC): Emission inventory of road transport in Japan, Japan Petroleum Energy Center, Tokyo, 136, 2012a (in Japanese).

Japan Petroleum Energy Center (JPEC): Emission inventory of sources other than road transport in Japan, Japan Petroleum Energy Center, Tokyo, 288, 2012b (in Japanese).

Japan Petroleum Energy Center (JPEC): Speciation profiles of VOC, PM, and NOx emissions for atmospheric simulations of PM2.5, Japan Petroleum Energy Center, Tokyo, 69, 2012c (in Japanese).

Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Schopp, W., Amann, M., Streets, D. G., Ichikawa, Y., and Fujita, S.: Projections of SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC emissions in East Asia up to 2030, Water. Air. Soil. Poll., 130, 193–198, 2001.

Klimont, Z., Streets, D. G., Gupta, S., Cofala, J., Fu, L. X., and Ichikawa, Y.: Anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds in China, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1309–1322, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00529-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00529-5</a>, 2002.

Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Xing, J., Wei, W., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Kejun, J., Bhandari, P., Mathur, R., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Chambers, A., and Amann, M.: Projections of SO2, NOx and carbonaceous aerosols emissions in Asia, Tellus B, 61, 602–617, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00428.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00428.x</a>, 2009.

Klimont, Z., Smith, S. J., and Cofala, J.: The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000–2011 emissions, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 014003, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014003">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014003</a>, 2013.

Kurokawa, J., Ohara, T., Morikawa, T., Hanayama, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Fukui, T., Kawashima, K., and Akimoto, H.: Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11019–11058, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013</a>, 2013.

Lei, Y., Zhang, Q., He, K. B., and Streets, D. G.: Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China, 1990–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 931–954, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-931-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-931-2011</a>, 2011.

Li, C., Zhang, Q., Krotkov, N. A., Streets, D. G., He, K. B., Tsay, S. C., and Gleason, J. F.: Recent large reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions from Chinese power plants observed by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08807, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042594">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042594</a>, 2010.

Li, Y.: Dynamics of clean coal-fired power generation development in China, Energ. Policy, 51, 138–142, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.012</a>, 2012.

Lin, J. T., Nielsen, C. P., Zhao, Y., Lei, Y., Liu, Y., and McElroy, M. B.: Recent Changes in Particulate Air Pollution over China Observed from Space and the Ground: Effectiveness of Emission Control, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7771–7776, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/Es101094t">https://doi.org/10.1021/Es101094t</a>, 2010a.

Lin, J.-T., McElroy, M. B., and Boersma, K. F.: Constraint of anthropogenic NOx emissions in China from different sectors: a new methodology using multiple satellite retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 63–78, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-63-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-63-2010</a>, 2010b.

Liu, H. Y., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Duncan, B. N., and Sachse, G. W.: Transport pathways for Asian pollution outflow over the Pacific: Interannual and seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 108, 8786, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003102">https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003102</a>, 2003.

Lu, Z., Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, S., Carmichael, G. R., Cheng, Y. F., Wei, C., Chin, M., Diehl, T., and Tan, Q.: Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6311–6331, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6311-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6311-2010</a>, 2010.

Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., and Streets, D. G.: Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9839–9864, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011</a>, 2011.

Ministry of Environment of South Korea: Air & Climate Change Policies in South Korea, <a href="http://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/index.do?menuId=64&findDepth=1">http://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/index.do?menuId=64&findDepth=1</a> (last access: 23 January 2014), 2013.

Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEP): Bulletin of urban sewage treatment facilities, and flue gas desulfurization/denitrification facilities of coal-fired power plants, <a href="http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201104/t20110420_209449.htm">http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201104/t20110420_209449.htm</a> (last access: 5 May 2012), 2011 (in Chinese).

Ministry of the Environment of Japan: Air & Transportation Policies in Japan, <a href="http://www.env.go.jp/en/air/">http://www.env.go.jp/en/air/</a>, last access: 1 August 2013.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2006, China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2007.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2007, China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2008a.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2008, China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2008b.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2009, China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2009.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2011, China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2011a.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2010, China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2011b.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC): Bulletin of the progress in shutting down small power generation units, <a href="http://bgt.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/201104/t20110422_500043.html">http://bgt.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/201104/t20110422_500043.html</a> (last access: 23 June 2014), 2011 (in Chinese).

National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER): The methodology of national air pollutants emission estimation II, 2010, National Institute of Environmental Research, Inchon, South Korea, 2010 (in Korean).

National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER): A Study on the Characteristics of the Process Facilities using SEMS Data, National Institute of Environmental Research, Inchon, South Korea, 2013 (in Korean).

Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419–4444, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007</a>, 2007.

Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vignati, E., van Dingenen, R., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Anenberg, S. C., Muller, N., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Raes, F., Schwartz, J., Faluvegi, G., Pozzoli, L., Kupiainen, K., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Emberson, L., Streets, D., Ramanathan, V., Hicks, K., Oanh, N. T. K., Milly, G., Williams, M., Demkine, V., and Fowler, D.: Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security, Science, 335, 183–189, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210026">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210026</a>, 2012.

State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA): Administrative regulations for the application of desulfurization electricity price and the operation of flue gas desulfurization facilities in coal-fired power generation units, <a href="http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/gwy/200910/t20091030_180711.htm">http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/gwy/200910/t20091030_180711.htm</a> (last access: 23 June 2014), 2007 (in Chinese).

Streets, D. G. and Waldhoff, S. T.: Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China: SO2, NOx, and CO, Atmos. Environ., 34, 363–374, 2000.

The State Council of the People's Republic of China: The Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, <a href="http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_268766.htm">http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_268766.htm</a> (last access: 2 February 2013), 2006 (in Chinese).

The State Council of the People's Republic of China: Integrated Work Plan for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, <a href="http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-09/07/content_1941731.htm">http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-09/07/content_1941731.htm</a> (last access: 2 February 2013), 2011 (in Chinese).

The State Council of the People's Republic of China: The Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, <a href="http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-08/21/content_2207867.htm">http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-08/21/content_2207867.htm</a> (last access: 2 February 2013), 2012 (in Chinese).

Tsinghua University Building Energy Research Center (THUBERC): Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency, China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, 2009 (in Chinese).

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Overview of the Republic of Korea's National Strategy for Green Growth, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, 54 pp., 2010.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization, Nairobi, Kenya, 2011.

van Aardenne, J. A., Carmichael, G. R., Levy, H., Streets, D., and Hordijk, L.: Anthropogenic NOx emissions in Asia in the period 1990–2020, Atmos. Environ., 33, 633–646, 1999.

Wakamatsu, S., Morikawa, T., and Ito, A.: Air Pollution Trends in Japan between 1970 and 2012 and Impact of Urban Air Pollution Countermeasures, Asian J. Atmos. Environ., 7, 177–190, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2013.7.4.177">https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2013.7.4.177</a>, 2013.

Wang, Q. Y.: Chinese Energy Data 2010, The Energy Foundation, Beijing, 109 pp., 2010.

Wang, S. X. and Hao, J. M.: Air quality management in China: Issues, challenges, and options, J. Environ. Sci.-China, 24, 2–13, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60724-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60724-9</a>, 2012.

Wei, W., Wang, S. X., Chatani, S., Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., and Hao, J. M.: Emission and speciation of non-methane volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic sources in China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 4976–4988, 2008.

Wei, W., Wang, S. X., and Hao, J. M.: Uncertainty Analysis of Emission Inventory for Volatile Organic Compounds from Anthropogenic Sources in China, Environ. Sci., 32, 305–312, 2011a (in Chinese).

Wei, W., Wang, S. X., Hao, J. M., and Cheng, S. Y.: Projection of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in China for the period 2010–2020, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6863–6871, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.013</a>, 2011b.

World Bank (WB), and State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA): Cost of Pollution in China: Economic Estimates of Physical Damages, available at <a href="www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment">www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment</a> (last access: 1 October 2013), 2007.

Wu, Y., Zhang, S. J., Li, M. L., Ge, Y. S., Shu, J. W., Zhou, Y., Xu, Y. Y., Hu, J. N., Liu, H., Fu, L. X., He, K. B., and Hao, J. M.: The challenge to NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9365–9379, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9365-2012">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9365-2012</a>, 2012.

Xing, J., Wang, S. X., Chatani, S., Zhang, C. Y., Wei, W., Hao, J. M., Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., and Amann, M.: Projections of air pollutant emissions and its impacts on regional air quality in China in 2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3119–3136, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3119-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3119-2011</a>, 2011.

Xu, Y., Williams, R. H., and Socolow, R. H.: China's rapid deployment of SO2 scrubbers, Energ. Environ. Sci., 2, 459–465, 2009.

Yang, Z. D.: Well-to-wheels analysis of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of electric-powered vehicles in China, Master thesis, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 83 pp., 2012 (in Chinese).

Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., He, K., Wang, Y., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Uno, I., Jang, C. J., Chen, D., Yao, Z., and Lei, Y.: NOx emission trends for China, 1995–2004: The view from the ground and the view from space, J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 112, D22306, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008684">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008684</a>, 2007.

Zhang, Q., Geng, G. N., Wang, S. W., Richter, A., and He, K. B.: Satellite remote sensing of changes in NOx emissions over China during 1996–2010, Chinese Sci. Bull., 57, 2857–2864, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5015-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5015-4</a>, 2012a.

Zhang, Q., He, K. B., and Huo, H.: Cleaning China's air, Nature, 484, 161–162, 2012b.

Zhang, X. Y., Wang, Y. Q., Niu, T., Zhang, X. C., Gong, S. L., Zhang, Y. M., and Sun, J. Y.: Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 779–799, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-779-2012">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-779-2012</a>, 2012.

Zhao, B., Wang, S. X., Dong, X. Y., Wang, J. D., Duan, L., Fu, X., Hao, J. M., and Fu, J.: Environmental effects of the recent emission changes in China: implications for particulate matter pollution and soil acidification, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 024031, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024031">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024031</a>, 2013a.

Zhao, B., Wang, S. X., Wang, J. D., Fu, J., Liu, T. H., Xu, J. Y., Fu, X., and Hao, J. M.: Impact of national NOx and SO2 control policies on particulate matter pollution in China, Atmos. Environ., 77, 453–463, 2013b.

Zhao, B., Wang, S. X., Liu, H., Xu, J. Y., Fu, K., Klimont, Z., Hao, J. M., He, K. B., Cofala, J., and Amann, M.: NOx emissions in China: historical trends and future perspectives, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9869–9897, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013</a>, 2013c.

Zhao, Y., Wang, S. X., Nielsen, C. P., Li, X. H., and Hao, J. M.: Establishment of a database of emission factors for atmospheric pollutants from Chinese coal-fired power plants, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1515–1523, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.017</a>, 2010.

Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., and Nielsen, C. P.: The effects of recent control policies on trends in emissions of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants and CO2 in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 487–508, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-487-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-487-2013</a>, 2013d.