ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Atmos. Chem. Phys. 1680-7324 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-14-5513-2014 Contrasting the direct radiative effect and direct radiative forcing of aerosols Heald C. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-5738 1 2 Ridley D. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-0197 1 Kroll J. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6275-521X 1 Barrett S. R. H. 3 Cady-Pereira K. E. 4 Alvarado M. J. 4 Holmes C. D. 5 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER), Lexington, MA, USA Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 04 06 2014 14 11 5513 5527 Copyright: © 2014 C. L. Heald et al. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/5513/2014/acp-14-5513-2014.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/5513/2014/acp-14-5513-2014.pdf

The direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosols, which is the instantaneous radiative impact of all atmospheric particles on the Earth's energy balance, is sometimes confused with the direct radiative forcing (DRF), which is the change in DRE from pre-industrial to present-day (not including climate feedbacks). In this study we couple a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with a radiative transfer model (RRTMG) to contrast these concepts. We estimate a global mean all-sky aerosol DRF of −0.36 Wm<sup>−2</sup> and a DRE of −1.83 Wm<sup>−2</sup> for 2010. Therefore, natural sources of aerosol (here including fire) affect the global energy balance over four times more than do present-day anthropogenic aerosols. If global anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and their precursors continue to decline as projected in recent scenarios due to effective pollution emission controls, the DRF will shrink (−0.22 Wm<sup>−2</sup> for 2100). Secondary metrics, like DRE, that quantify temporal changes in both natural and anthropogenic aerosol burdens are therefore needed to quantify the total effect of aerosols on climate.

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