ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Atmos. Chem. Phys. 1680-7324 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-14-5349-2014 Secondary organic aerosol formation and composition from the photo-oxidation of methyl chavicol (estragole) Pereira K. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-4696 1 Hamilton J. F. 1 Rickard A. R. 1 2 Bloss W. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3017-4461 3 Alam M. S. 3 Camredon M. 4 Muñoz A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3618-7327 5 Vázquez M. 5 Borrás E. 5 Ródenas M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6136-3660 5 Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, UK School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK LISA, CNRS/INSU – UMR7583, University of Paris-Est Créteil, Paris, France CEAM-UMH, EUPHORE, Valencia, Spain 03 06 2014 14 11 5349 5368 Copyright: © 2014 K. L. Pereira et al. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/5349/2014/acp-14-5349-2014.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/5349/2014/acp-14-5349-2014.pdf

The increasing demand for palm oil for uses in biofuel and food products is leading to rapid expansion of oil palm agriculture. Methyl chavicol (also known as estragole and 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene) is an oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) that was recently identified as the main floral emission from an oil palm plantation in Malaysian Borneo. The emissions of methyl chavicol observed may impact regional atmospheric chemistry, but little is known of its ability to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The photo-oxidation of methyl chavicol was investigated at the European Photoreactor chamber as a part of the atmospheric chemistry of methyl chavicol (ATMECH) project. Aerosol samples were collected using a particle into liquid sampler (PILS) and analysed offline using an extensive range of instruments including; high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-ITMS), high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOFMS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The SOA yield was determined as 18 and 29% for an initial VOC mixing ratio of 212 and 460 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) respectively; using a VOC:NO<sub>x</sub> ratio of ~5:1. In total, 59 SOA compounds were observed and the structures of 10 compounds have been identified using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The addition of hydroxyl and/or nitro-functional groups to the aromatic ring appears to be an important mechanistic pathway for aerosol formation. This results in the formation of compounds with both low volatility and high O:C ratios, where functionalisation rather than fragmentation is mainly observed as a result of the stability of the ring. The SOA species observed can be characterised as semi-volatile to low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (SVOOA and LVOOA) components and therefore may be important in aerosol formation and growth.

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