References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-14-3533-2014

Trends of road dust emissions contributions on ambient air particulate levels at rural, urban and industrial sites in southern Spain

Amato

¹ Alastuey

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5453-5495

¹ de la Rosa

² Gonzalez Castanedo

² Sánchez de la Campa

A. M.

² Pandolfi

¹ Lozano

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-6987

³ Contreras González

⁴ Querol

Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDǼA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

Associate Unit CSIC–University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), University of Huelva, E21071 Huelva, Spain

Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía- Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, C/Johan G. Gutenberg 1, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain

Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Medio Ambiente, Avda. Manuel Siurot 50, 41071 Seville, Spain

08 04 2014

14 7 3533 3544

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/3533/2014/acp-14-3533-2014.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/3533/2014/acp-14-3533-2014.pdf

The impact of road dust emissions on PM10 and PM2.5 (atmospheric particulate matter with diameteer < 10 μm and 2.5 μm mass concentrations recorded from 2003 to 2010 at 11 locations (rural, urban and industrial) in southern Spain was estimated based on the chemical characterization of PM and the use of a constrained Positive Matrix Factorization, where the chemical profile of local road dust samples is used as a priori knowledge. Results indicate that road dust increased PM10 levels on average by 21–35% at traffic sites, 29–34% at urban background sites heavily affected by road traffic emissions, 17–22% at urban-industrial sites and 9–22% at rural sites. Road dust contributions to ambient PM levels show a marked seasonality with maxima in summer and minima in winter, likely due to the rainfall frequency. Decreasing concentration trends over the sampling years were found at some traffic and urban sites but in most cases the decreases were less significant than for vehicle exhaust emissions, while concentrations increased at industrial sites, probably due to local peculiarities. Concerning PM2.5, road dust contributions were lower than in PM10, as expected but still important (21–31%, 11–31%, 6–16% and 7% for traffic, urban background, urban-industrial and rural sites, respectively). In addition the three main sources of road dust (carbonaceous particles, brake wear and road wear/mineral) were identified and their contributions to road dust mass loadings estimated, supporting the idea that air quality managers should drive measures aimed at preventing the build-up of road dust particles on roads.

References 1

Adame, J. A., Hernández-Ceballos, M. A., Bolívar, J. P., and De la Morena, B.: Assessment of an air pollution event in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Environ., 55, 245–256, 2012.

Amato, F. and Hopke, P. K.: Source apportionment of the ambient PM2.5 across St. Louis using constrained positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Environ., 46, 329–337, 2012.

Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Viana, M., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., and Moreno, T.: Spatial and chemical patterns of PM10 in road dust deposited in urban environment, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1650–1659, 2009a.

Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Escrig, A., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Pey, J., Perez, N., and Hopke, P. K.: Quantifying road dust resuspension in urban environment by Multilinear Engine: A comparison with PMF2, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2770–2780, 2009b.

Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Moreno, T., Furger, M., Pey, J., Alastuey, A., Bukowiecki, N., Prevot, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., and Querol, X.: Sources and variability of inhalable road dust particles in three European cities, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6777–6787, 2011.

Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Lozano, A., Contreras González, J., and Querol, X.: Impact of traffic intensity and pavement aggregate size on road dust particles loading, Atmos. Environ., 77, 711–717, 2013a.

Amato, F., Schaap, M., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Keuken, M., and Querol, X.: Short-term variability of mineral dust, metals and carbon emission from road dust resuspension, Atmos. Environ., 74, 134–140, 2013b.

Birch, M. E. and Cary, R. A.: Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 25, 221–241, 1996.

Cahill, T. A., Barnes, D. E., Spada, N. J., Lawton, J. A., and Cahill, T. M.: Very fine and ultrafine metals and ischemic heart disease in the California central valley 1: 2003–2007, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 1123–1134, 2011.

Carslaw, D. C.: The openair manual – open-source tools for analysing air pollution data, Manual for version 0.7-0, King's College, London, 2012.

Carslaw, D. C. and Ropkins, K.: Openair – an R package for air quality data analysis, Environ. Modell. Softw., 27–28, 52–61, 2012.

Cavalli, F., Viana, M., Yttri, K. E., Genberg, J., and Putaud, J.-P.: Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 79–89, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-79-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-79-2010</a>, 2010.

de la Rosa, J. D., Sanchez de la Campa, A. M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Gonzalez-Castanedo, Y., Fernandez-Camacho, R., and Stein, A. F.: Using PM10 geochemical maps for defining the origin of atmospheric pollution in Andalusia (Southern Spain), Atmos. Environ., 44, 4595–4605, 2010.

Denier van der Gon, H., Gerlofs-Nijland, M. E., Gehrig, R., Gustafsson, M., Janssen, N., Harrison, R. M., Hulskott, J., Johansson, C., Jozwicka, M., Keuken, M., Krijgsheld, K., Ntziachristos, L., Riediker, M., and Cassee, F. R.: The Policy Relevance of Wear Emissions from Road Transport, Now and in the Future – An International Workshop Report and Consensus Statement, J Air Waste Manage., 63, 136–49, 2013.

EEA: Air quality in Europe – 2012 Report EEA Technical Report No. 4/2012, 2012.

García Lorenzo, E., De la Rosa, J., and Sanchez de la Campa, A.: Caracterización físicoquímica y origen del material particulado atmosférico en la ciudad de Córdoba. Trabajo de investigación de Máster de Tecnología Ambiental. Universidad de Huelva, 2011.

González Castanedo, Y.: Caracterización físico-química del material particulado atmosférico de origen industrial en Andalucía. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Huelva, Mayo 2011.

Gustafsson, M., Blomqvist, G., Gudmundsson, A., Dahl, A., Swietlicki, E., Bohgard, M., Lindbom, J., and Ljungman, A.: Properties and toxicological effects of particles from the interaction between tyres, road pavement and winter traction material, Sci. Total Environ., 393, 226–240, 2008.

Harrison, R. H., Stedman, J., and Derwent, D.: New directions: why are PM10 concentrations in Europe not falling?, Atmospheric science perspectives special series, Atmos. Environ., 42, 603–606, 2008.

Hollander, M. and Wolfe, D. A.: Nonparametric Statistical Methods, 2nd Edn., New York, John Wiley & Sons, 421–423, 1999.

Kousoulidou, M., Ntziachristos, L., Mellios, G., and Samaras, Z.: Road-transport emission projections to 2020 in European urban environments, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7465–7475, 2008.

Lozano, A., Usero, J., Vanderlinden, E., Raez, J., Contreras, J., and Navarrete B.: Air quality monitoring network design to control nitrogen dioxide and ozone, applied in Malaga, Spain, Microchem. J., 93, 164–172, 2009.

Lyamani, H., Olmo, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Light scattering and absorption properties of aerosol particles in the urban environment of Granada, Spain, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2630–2642, 2008.

Majumdar, D., Rajaram, B., Meshram, S., and Chalapati Rao, C. V.: PAHs in road dust: Ubiquity, fate, and summary of available data, Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec., 42, 1191–1232, 2012.

Meister, K., Johansson, C., and Forsberg, B.: Estimated short-term effects of coarse particles on daily mortality in Stockholm, Sweden, Environ. Health Persp., 120, 431–436, 2012.

Notario, A., Bravo, I., Adame, J. A., Díaz-de-Mera, Y., Aranda, A., Rodríguez, A., and Rodríguez, D.: Analysis of NO, NO2, NOx, O3 and oxidant (OX = O3 + NO2) levels measured in a metropolitan area in the southwest of Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Res., 104–105, 217–226, 2012.

Ostro, B., Tobias, A., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Pey, J., Pérez, N., and Sunyer, J.: The effects of particulate matter sources on daily mortality: A case-crossover study of Barcelona, Spain, Environ. Health Persp., 119, 1781–1787, 2011.

Paatero, P.: The Multilinear Engine – a table-driven least squares program for solving multilinear problems, including the n-way parallel factor analysis model, J. Comput. Graph. Stat., 8, 854–888, 1999.

Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, 1994.

Pandolfi, M., Gonzalez-Castanedo, Y., Alastuey, A., de la Rosa, J. D., Mantilla, E., de la Campa, A. S., Querol, X., Pey, J., Amato, F., and Moreno, T.: Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in the strait of Gibraltar by PMF: Impact of shipping emissions, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R, 18, 260–269, 2011.

Pengchai, P., Furumai, H., and Nakajima, F.: Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust in Tokyo, Polycycl. Aromat. Comp., 24, 773–789, 2004.

Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Rodríguez, S., Plana, F., Ruiz, C. R., Cots, N., Massague', G., and Puig, O.: PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona metropolitan area, Catalonia, Spain, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6407–6419, 2001.

Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Ruiz, C. R., Artiñano, B., Hansson, H. C., Harrison, R. M., Buringh, E., Ten Brink, H. M., Lutz, M., Bruckmann, P., Straehl, P., and Schneider, J.: Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in selected European cities, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6547–6555, 2004.

Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., Pey, J., de la Rosa, J., Sánchez de la Campa, A., Artíñano, B., Salvador, P., García Dos Santos, S., Fernández-Patier, R., Moreno-Grau, S., Negral, L., Minguillo'n, M. C., Monfort, E., Gil, J. I., Inza, A., Ortega, L. A., Santamaría, J. M., and Zabalza, J.: Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7219–7231, 2007.

Schaap, M., Manders, A. M. M., Hendriks, E. C. J., Cnossen, J. M., Segers A. J. S., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Jozwicka, M., Sauter, F., Velders, G., Matthijsen, J., and Builtjes, P. J. H.: Regional Modelling of Particulate Matter for the Netherlands, available at: <a href="http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Regional-modelling-of-particulate-matter-for-the-Netherlands">http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Regional-modelling-of-particulate-matter-for-the-Netherlands</a> (last access: 7 April 2014), 2009.

Sen, P. K.: Estimates of regression coefficient based on kendall's tau, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, 1968.

Theil, H.: A rank invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis, i, ii, iii, P. K. Ned. Akad. A Math., 53, 386–392, 1950.

Viana, M., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Harrison, R. M., Hopke, P. K., Winiwarter, W., Vallius, M., Szidat, S., Prévôt, A. S. H., Hueglin, C., Bloemen, H., Wåhlin, P., Vecchi, R., Miranda, A. I., Kasper-Giebl, A., Maenhaut, W., and Hitzenberger, R.: Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: A review of methods and results, J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 827–849, 2008.

Yanosky, J. D., Tonne, C. C., Beevers, S. D., Wilkinson, P., and Kelly, F. J.: Modeling exposures to the oxidative potential of PM10, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 7612–7620, 2012.