ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Atmos. Chem. Phys. 1680-7324 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-14-3325-2014 Source apportionment of PM<sub>10</sub> in a north-western Europe regional urban background site (Lens, France) using positive matrix factorization and including primary biogenic emissions Waked A. 1 Favez O. 2 Alleman L. Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4165-1742 3 4 Piot C. 5 Petit J.-E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-5927 2 6 Delaunay T. 7 Verlinden E. 7 Golly B. 5 Besombes J.-L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-3256 5 Jaffrezo J.-L. 1 Leoz-Garziandia E. 2 Université Grenoble 1-CNRS, LGGE UMR5183, 38041 Grenoble, France INERIS, DRC/CARA/CIME, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France Mines Douai, CE, 59508 Douai, France Université de Savoie, LCME, 73376 Le Bourget du lac, France Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin CNRS-CEA, LSCE, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France Atmo Nord-Pas de Calais, 59044 Lille, France 03 04 2014 14 7 3325 3346 Copyright: © 2014 A. Waked et al. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/3325/2014/acp-14-3325-2014.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/3325/2014/acp-14-3325-2014.pdf

In this work, the source of ambient particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub>) collected over a one-year period at an urban background site in Lens (France) was determined and investigated using a positive matrix factorization receptor model (US EPA PMF v3.0). In addition, a potential source contribution function (PSCF) was performed by means of the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (Hysplit) v4.9 model to assess prevailing geographical origins of the identified sources. A selective iteration process was followed for the qualification of the more robust and meaningful PMF solution. Components measured and used in the PMF included inorganic and organic species: soluble ionic species, trace elements, elemental carbon (EC), sugar alcohols, sugar anhydride, and organic carbon (OC). The mean PM<sub>10</sub> concentration measured from March 2011 to March 2012 was about 21 μg m<sup>−3</sup> with typically OM, nitrate and sulfate contributing to most of the mass and accounting respectively for 5.8, 4.5 and 2.3 μg m<sup>−3</sup> on a yearly basis. Accordingly, PMF outputs showed that the main emission sources were (in decreasing order of contribution) secondary inorganic aerosols (28% of the total PM<sub>10</sub> mass), aged marine emissions (19%), with probably predominant contribution of shipping activities, biomass burning (13%), mineral dust (13%), primary biogenic emissions (9%), fresh sea salts (8%), primary traffic emissions (6%) and heavy oil combustion (4%). Significant temporal variations were observed for most of the identified sources. In particular, biomass burning emissions were negligible in summer but responsible for about 25% of total PM<sub>10</sub> and 50% of total OC in wintertime. Conversely, primary biogenic emissions were found to be negligible in winter but to represent about 20% of total PM<sub>10</sub> and 40% of total OC in summer. The latter result calls for more investigations of primary biogenic aerosols using source apportionment studies, which quite usually disregard this type of source. This study further underlines the major influence of secondary processes during daily threshold exceedances. Finally, apparent discrepancies that could be generally observed between filter-based studies (such as the present one) and aerosol mass spectrometer-based PMF analyses (organic fractions) are also discussed.

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