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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Atmos. Chem. Phys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-14-2939-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Observations of reactive nitrogen oxide fluxes by eddy covariance above two midlatitude North American mixed hardwood forests</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Geddes</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Murphy</surname>
<given-names>J. G.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8865-5463</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>2939</fpage>
<lpage>2957</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2014 J. A. Geddes</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<self-uri xlink:href="https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/2939/2014/acp-14-2939-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/2939/2014/acp-14-2939-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Significant knowledge gaps persist in the understanding of forest–atmosphere
exchange of reactive nitrogen oxides, partly due to a lack of direct
observations. Chemical transport models require representations of dry
deposition over a variety of land surface types, and the role of canopy
exchange of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; (= NO + NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) is highly uncertain.
Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;
(= NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; + HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; + PANs + RONO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; + ...)
was measured by eddy covariance above a mixed hardwood forest in central
Ontario (Haliburton Forest and Wildlife Reserve, or HFWR), and a mixed
hardwood forest in northern lower Michigan (Program for Research on Oxidants:
Photochemistry, Emissions and Transport, or PROPHET) during the summers of
2011 and 2012 respectively. NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; mixing ratios
were measured by a custom-built two-channel analyser based on
chemiluminescence, with selective NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; conversion via LED photolysis and
NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; conversion via a hot molybdenum converter. Consideration of
interferences from water vapour and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and random uncertainty of the
calculated fluxes are discussed. NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; flux observations were
predominantly of deposition at both locations. In general, the magnitude of
deposition scaled with NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; mixing ratios. Average midday
(12:00–16:00) deposition velocities at HFWR and PROPHET were
0.20 ± 0.25 and 0.67 ± 1.24 cm s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; respectively. Average
nighttime (00:00–04:00) deposition velocities were
0.09 ± 0.25 cm s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.08 ± 0.16 cm s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
respectively. At HFWR, a period of highly polluted conditions
(NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations up to 18 ppb) showed distinctly different
flux characteristics than the rest of the campaign. Integrated daily average
NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; flux was −0.14 mg (N) m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and
−0.34 mg (N) m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (net deposition) at HFWR and PROPHET
respectively. Concurrent wet deposition measurements were used to estimate
the contributions of dry deposition to total reactive nitrogen oxide inputs,
found to be 22 and 40% at HFWR and PROPHET respectively.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="19"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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