References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-14-1337-2014

A case study into the measurement of ship emissions from plume intercepts of the NOAA ship Miller Freeman

Cappa

C. D.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-3368

¹ Williams

E. J.

² ³ Lack

D. A.

² ³ Buffaloe

G. M.

¹ Coffman

⁷ Hayden

K. L.

⁵ Herndon

S. C.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-8225

⁴ Lerner

B. M.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8721-8165

² ³ Li

S.-M.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-6581

⁵ Massoli

⁴ McLaren

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-5567

⁶ Nuaaman

⁵ ⁶ Onasch

T. B.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7796-7840

⁴ Quinn

P. K.

⁷

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA

NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, USA

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, USA

Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA

Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada

Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada

NOAA Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA

05 02 2014

14 3 1337 1352

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/1337/2014/acp-14-1337-2014.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/1337/2014/acp-14-1337-2014.pdf

Emissions factors (EFs) for gas and sub-micron particle-phase species were measured in intercepted plumes as a function of vessel speed from an underway research vessel, the NOAA ship Miller Freeman, operating a medium-speed diesel engine on low-sulfur marine gas oil (fuel sulfur content ~0.1% by weight). The low-sulfur fuel in use conforms to the MARPOL fuel sulfur limit within emission control areas set to take effect in 2015 and to California-specific limits set to take effect in 2014. For many of the particle-phase species, EFs were determined using multiple measurement methodologies, allowing for an assessment of how well EFs from different techniques agree. The total sub-micron PM (PM1) was dominated by particulate black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM), with an average POM / BC ratio of 1.3. Consideration of the POM / BC ratios observed here with literature studies suggests that laboratory and in-stack measurement methods may overestimate primary POM EFs relative to those observed in emitted plumes. Comparison of four different methods for black carbon measurement indicates that careful attention must be paid to instrument limitations and biases when assessing EFBC. Particulate sulfate (SO42−) EFs were extremely small and the particles emitted by Miller Freeman were inefficient as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), even at high super saturations, consistent with the use of very low-sulfur fuel and the overall small emitted particle sizes. All measurement methodologies consistently demonstrate that the measured EFs (fuel mass basis) for PM1 mass, BC and POM decreased as the ship slowed. Particle number EFs were approximately constant across the speed change, with a shift towards smaller particles being emitted at slower speeds. Emissions factors for gas-phase CO and formaldehyde (HCHO) both increased as the vessel slowed, while EFs for NOx decreased and SO2 EFs were approximately constant.

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