References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-14-1055-2014

Nitric acid trihydrate nucleation and denitrification in the Arctic stratosphere

Grooß

J.-U.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-866X

¹ Engel

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5285-7952

¹ ² Borrmann

³ ⁴ Frey

⁴ ¹² Günther

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-6221

¹ Hoyle

C. R.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1369-9143

² ⁵ Kivi

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8828-2759

⁶ Luo

B. P.

² Molleker

³ Peter

² Pitts

M. C.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8240-7223

⁷ Schlager

⁸ Stiller

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2883-6873

⁹ Vömel

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-3429

¹⁰ Walker

K. A.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-9454

¹¹ Müller

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-9977

Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung – Stratosphäre (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany

Abteilung Partikelchemie, Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany

Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland

Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sodankylä, Finnland

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Germany

Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada

now at: School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

29 01 2014

14 2 1055 1073

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/1055/2014/acp-14-1055-2014.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/1055/2014/acp-14-1055-2014.pdf

Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles in the polar stratosphere have been shown to be responsible for vertical redistribution of reactive nitrogen (NOy). Recent observations by Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aboard the CALIPSO satellite have been explained in terms of heterogeneous nucleation of NAT on foreign nuclei, revealing this to be an important formation pathway for the NAT particles. In state of the art global- or regional-scale models, heterogeneous NAT nucleation is currently simulated in a very coarse manner using a constant, saturation-independent nucleation rate. Here we present first simulations for the Arctic winter 2009/2010 applying a new saturation-dependent parametrisation of heterogeneous NAT nucleation rates within the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The simulation shows good agreement of chemical trace species with in situ and remote sensing observations. The simulated polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) optical properties agree much better with CALIOP observations than those simulated with a constant nucleation rate model. A comparison of the simulated particle size distributions with observations made using the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) aboard the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica, shows that the model reproduces the observed size distribution, except for the very largest particles above 15 μm diameter. The vertical NOy redistribution caused by the sedimentation of the NAT particles, in particular the denitrification and nitrification signals observed by the ACE-FTS satellite instrument and the in situ SIOUX instrument aboard the Geophysica, are reproduced by the improved model, and a small improvement with respect to the constant nucleation rate model is found.

European Commission

RECONCILE - Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions. (226365)

References 1

Baumgardner, D., Dye, J. E., Gandrud, B. W., and Knollenberg, R. G.: Interpretation of measurements made the Forward Scattering} Spectrometer Probe (FSSP300) during the Airborne Artic Stratospheric {Expedition, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8035–8046, 1992.

Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., DeMazière, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S. D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon, Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J. J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022386">https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022386</a>, 2005.

Biermann, U. M., Luo, B. P., and Peter, T.: Absorption spectra and optical constants of binary and ternary solutions of H2SO4, HNO3, and H2O in the mid infrared at atmospheric temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 783–793, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp992349i">https://doi.org/10.1021/jp992349i</a>, 2000.

Borrmann, S., Thomas, A., Rudakov, V., Yushkov, V., Lepuchov, B., Deshler, T., Vinnichenko, N., Khattatov, V., and Stefanutti, L.: Stratospheric aerosol measurements in the Arctic winter of 1996/1997 with the M-55 Geophysika high-altitude research aircraft, Tellus B, 52, 1088–1103, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00100.x">https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00100.x</a>, 2000a.

Borrmann, S., Luo, B., and Mishchenko, M.: Application of the T-matrix method to the measurement of aspherical (ellipsoidal) particles with forward scattering optical particle counters, J. Aerosol Sci., 31, 789–799, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(99)00563-7">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(99)00563-7</a>, 2000b.

Carslaw, K. S., Wirth, M., Tsias, A., Luo, B. P., Dörnbrack, A., Leutbecher, M., Volkert, H., Renger, W., Bacmeister, J. T., and Peter, T.: Particle microphysics and chemistry in remotely observed mountain polar stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5785–5796, 1998.

Carslaw, K. S., Kettleborough, J. A., Northway, M. J., Davies, S., Gao, R., Fahey, D. W., Baumgardner, D. G., Chipperfield, M. P., and Kleinböhl, A.: A vortex-scale simulation of the growth and sedimentation of large nitric acid hydrate particles, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8300, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000467">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000467</a>, 2002.

Curtius, J., Weigel, R., Vössing, H.-J., Wernli, H., Werner, A., Volk, C.-M., Konopka, P., Krebsbach, M., Schiller, C., Roiger, A., Schlager, H., Dreiling, V., and Borrmann, S.: Observations of meteoric material and implications for aerosol nucleation in the winter Arctic lower stratosphere derived from in situ particle measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3053–3069, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3053-2005">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3053-2005</a>, 2005.

Daerden, F., Larsen, N., Chabrillat, S., Errera, Q., Bonjean, S., Fonteyn, D., Hoppel, K., and Fromm, M.: A 3D-CTM with detailed online PSC-microphysics: analysis of the Antarctic winter 2003 by comparison with satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1755–1772, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1755-2007">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1755-2007</a>, 2007.

Davies, S., Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., Kettleborough, J. A., Santee, M. L., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Sasano, Y., and Sugita, T.: 3-D microphysical model studies of Arctic denitrification: comparison with observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3093–3109, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3093-2005">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3093-2005</a>, 2005.

Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Holm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Koehler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thepaut, J. N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.828">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828</a>, 2011.

Deshler, T., Nardi, B., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Hansen, G., Fierli, F., Hauchecorne, A., and Pulvirenti, L.: Determining the index of refraction of polar stratospheric clouds above Andoya (69° N) by combining size-resolved concentration and optical scattering measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3943–3953, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900469">https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900469</a>, 2000.

Dörnbrack, A., Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., Orsolini, Y. J., Nishii, K., and Nakamura, H.: The 2009–2010 Arctic stratospheric winter – general evolution, mountain waves and predictability of an operational weather forecast model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3659–3675, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3659-2012">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3659-2012</a>, 2012.

Drdla, K. and Müller, R.: Temperature thresholds for chlorine activation and ozone loss in the polar stratosphere, Ann. Geophys., 30, 1055–1073, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1-2012">https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1-2012</a>, 2012.

Engel, I., Luo, B. P., Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., Hoyle, C. R., Grooß, J.-U., Dörnbrack, A., and Peter, T.: Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds – Part 2: Nucleation of ice on synoptic scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10769–10785, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10769-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10769-2013</a>, 2013.

Eyring, V., Butchart, N., Waugh, D. W., Akiyoshi, H., Austin, J., Bekki, S., Bodeker, G. E., Boville, B. A., Brühl, C., Chipperfield, M. P., Cordero, E., Dameris, M., Deushi, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Garcia, R. R., Gettelman, A., Giorgetta, M. A., Grewe, V., Jourdain, L., Kinnison, D. E., Mancini, E., Manzini, E., Marchand, M., Marsh, D. R., Nagashima, T., Nielsen, E., Newman, P. A., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Plummer, D. A., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Shepherd, T. G., Shibata, K., Stolarski, R. S., Struthers, H., Tian, W., and Yoshiki, M.: Assessment of temperature, trace species and ozone in chemistry-climate simulations of the recent past, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22308, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007327">https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007327</a>, 2006.

Fahey, D. W., Gao, R. S., Carslaw, K. S., Kettleborough, J., Popp, P. J., Northway, M. J., Holecek, J. C., Ciciora, S. C., McLaughlin, R. J., Thompson, T. L., Winkler, R. H., Baumgardner, D. G., Gandrud, B., Wennberg, P. O., Dhaniyala, S., McKinley, K., Peter, T., Salawitch, R. J., Bui, T. P., Elkins, J. W., Webster, C. R., Atlas, E. L., Jost, H., Wilson, J. C., Herman, R. L., Kleinböhl, A., and von König, M.: The detection of large HNO}3-containing particles in the winter {Arctic stratosphere, Science, 291, 1026–1031, 2001.

Flentje, H., Dörnbrack, A., Fix, A., Meister, A., Schmid, H., Fueglistaler, S., Luo, B. P., and Peter, T.: Denitrification inside the stratospheric vortex in the winter of 1999–2000 by sedimentation of large nitric acid trihydrate particles, J. Geophys. Res., 107, AAC 11–1–AAC 11–15, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001015">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001015</a>, 2002.

Fueglistaler, S., Buss, S., Luo, B. P., Wernli, H., Flentje, H., Hostetler, C. A., Poole, L. R., Carslaw, K. S., and Peter, Th.: Detailed modeling of mountain wave PSCs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 697–712, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-697-2003">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-697-2003</a>, 2003.

Grooß, J.-U.: Modelling of Stratospheric Chemistry based on HALOE/UARS Satellite Data, PhD thesis, University of Mainz, 1996.

Grooß, J.-U. and Müller, R.: Simulation of ozone loss in Arctic winter 2004/2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05804, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028901">https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028901</a>, 2007.

Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Konopka, P., Müller, R., McKenna, D. S., Stroh, F., Vogel, B., Engel, A., Müller, M., Hoppel, K., Bevilacqua, R., Richard, E., Webster, C. R., Elkins, J. W., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P. A., and Baumgardner, D. G.: Simulation of ozone depletion in spring 2000 with the C}hemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere {(CLaMS), J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8295, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000456">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000456</a>, 2002.

Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Konopka, P., Bausch, S., Schlager, H., Voigt, C., Volk, C. M., and Toon, G. C.: Simulation of denitrification and ozone loss for the Arctic winter 2002/2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1437–1448, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1437-2005">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1437-2005</a>, 2005.

Hanson, D. R. and Mauersberger, K.: Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: Implications for the south polar stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 855–858, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL015i013p01507">https://doi.org/10.1029/GL015i013p01507</a>, 1988.

Hösen, E.: Untersuchung von Transport, Mischung und Ozonverlust in der arktischen Polarregion im Winter 2009/10 basierend auf flugzeuggestützten in-situ-Messungen, Dissertation, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany, 2013.

Hoyle, C. R., Engel, I., Luo, B. P., Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., Grooß, J.-U., and Peter, T.: Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds – Part 1: Nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9577–9595, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9577-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9577-2013</a>, 2013.

Hunt, W. H., Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Powell, K. A., Lucker, P. L., and Weimer, C.: CALIPSO Lidar Description and Performance Assessment, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 1214–1228, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1223.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1223.1</a>, 2009.

Jones, A., Qin, G., Strong, K., Walker, K. A., McLinden, C., M. Toohey, T., Kerzenmacher, Bernath, P., and Boone, C.: A global inventory of stratospheric NOy from ACE-FTS, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D17304, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015465">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015465</a>, 2011.

Kalicinsky, C., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Ungermann, J., Blank, J., Höfer, S., Hoffmann, L., Knieling, P., Olschewski, F., Spang, R., Stroh, F., and Riese, M.: Observations of filamentary structures near the vortex edge in the Arctic winter lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10859–10871, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10859-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10859-2013</a>, 2013.

Khaykin, S. M., Engel, I., Vömel, H., Formanyuk, I. M., Kivi, R., Korshunov, L. I., Krämer, M., Lykov, A. D., Meier, S., Naebert, T., Pitts, M. C., Santee, M. L., Spelten, N., Wienhold, F. G., Yushkov, V. A., and Peter, T.: Arctic stratospheric dehydration – Part 1: Unprecedented observation of vertical redistribution of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11503–11517, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11503-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11503-2013</a>, 2013.

Konopka, P., Steinhorst, H.-M., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Elkins, J. W., Jost, H.-J., Richard, E., Schmidt, U., Toon, G., and McKenna, D. S.: Mixing and Ozone Loss in the 1999–2000 A}rctic Vortex: Simulations with the 3-dimensional {Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02315, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003792">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003792</a>, 2004.

Konopka, P., Günther, G., McKenna, D. S., Müller, R., Offermann, D., Spang, R., and Riese, M.: How homogeneous and isotropic is stratospheric mixing? C}omparison of CRISTA-1 observations with transport studies based on the {Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 565–579, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.47">https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.47</a>, 2005.

Konopka, P., Günther, G., Müller, R., dos Santos, F. H. S., Schiller, C., Ravegnani, F., Ulanovsky, A., Schlager, H., Volk, C. M., Viciani, S., Pan, L. L., McKenna, D.-S., and Riese, M.: Contribution of mixing to upward transport across the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3285–3308, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3285-2007">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3285-2007</a>, 2007.

Krämer, M., Schiller, C., Afchine, A., Bauer, R., Gensch, I., Mangold, A., Schlicht, S., Spelten, N., Sitnikov, N., Borrmann, S., de Reus, M., and Spichtinger, P.: Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3505–3522, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3505-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3505-2009</a>, 2009.

Krieger, U. K., Mössinger, J. C., Luo, B. P., Weers, U., and Peter, T.: Measurement of the refractive indices of H2SO4}-HNO3-{H2O solutions to stratospheric temperatures, Appl. Optics, 39, 3691–3703, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.39.003691">https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.39.003691</a>, 2000.

Liu, L. and Mishchenko, M. I.: Constraints on PSC particle microphysics derived from lidar observations, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 70, 817–831, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00048-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00048-6</a>, 2001.

Luo, B. P., Voigt, C., Fueglistaler, S., and Peter, T.: Extreme NAT supersaturations in mountain wave ice PSCs}: A clue to {NAT formation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4443, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003104">https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003104</a>, 2003.

McKenna, D. S., Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Spang, R., Offermann, D., and Orsolini, Y.: A new Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS): 1. Formulation of advection and mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4309, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000114">https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000114</a>, 2002a.

McKenna, D. S., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Konopka, P., Müller, R., Carver, G., and Sasano, Y.: A new Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS): 2. Formulation of chemistry scheme and initialization, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4256, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000113">https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000113</a>, 2002b.

Middlebrook, A. M., Berland, B. S., George, S. M., Tolbert, M. A., and Toon, O. B.: Real refractive indices of infrared-characterized nitric-acid/ice films: Implications for optical measurements of polar stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25655–25666, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JD02391">https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02391</a>, 1994.

Mishchenko, M. I., Travis, L. D., and Mackowski, D. W.: T-matrix computations of light scattering by nonspherical particles: a review, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 111, 1704–1744, 2010.

Müller, R., Peter, T., Crutzen, P. J., Oelhaf, H., Adrian, G. P., v. Clarmann, T., Wegner, A., Schmidt, U., and Lary, D.: Chlorine chemistry and the potential for ozone depletion in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter of 1991/92, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1427–1430, 1994.

Nickolaisen, S. L., Friedl, R. R., and Sander, S. P.: Kinetics and Mechanism of the ClO+ClO Reaction – Pressure and Temperature Dependences of the Bimolecular and Termolecular Channels and Thermal-Decomposition of Chlorine Peroxide, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 155–169, 1994.

Papanastasiou, D. K., Papadimitriou, V. C., Fahey, D. W., and Burkholder, J. B.: UV Absorption Spectrum of the ClO Dimer (Cl2O2) between 200 and 420 nm, J. Phys. Chem. A, 113, 13711–13726, 2009.

Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., and Thomason, L. W.: CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7577–7589, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7577-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7577-2009</a>, 2009.

Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., Dörnbrack, A., and Thomason, L. W.: The 2009–2010 Arctic polar stratospheric cloud season: a CALIPSO perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2161–2177, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2161-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2161-2011</a>, 2011.

Plenge, J., Kühl, S., Vogel, B., Müller, R., Stroh, F., von Hobe, M., Flesch, R., and Rühl, E.: Bond strength of chlorine peroxide, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 6730–6734, 2005.

Ploeger, F., Konopka, P., Günther, G., Grooß, J.-U., and Müller, R.: Impact of the vertical velocity scheme on modeling transport across the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03301, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012023">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012023</a>, 2010.

Ploeger, F., Günther, G., Konopka, P., Fueglistaler, S., Müller, R., Hoppe, C., Kunz, A., Spang, R., Grooß, J.-U., and Riese, M.: Horizontal water vapor transport in the lower stratosphere from subtropics to high latitudes during boreal summer, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 8111–8127, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50636">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50636</a>, 2013.

Pommrich, R., Müller, R., Grooß, J.-U., Konopka, P., Günther, G., Pumphrey, H.-C., Viciani, S., D'Amato, F., and Riese, M.: Carbon monoxide as a tracer for tropical troposphere to stratosphere transport in the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 4, 1185–1211, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-1185-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-1185-2011</a>, 2011.

Riese, M., Ploeger, F., Rap, A., Vogel, B., Konopka, P., Dameris, M., and Forster, P.: Impact of uncertainties in atmospheric mixing on simulated UTLS composition and related radiative effects, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D16305, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017751">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017751</a>, 2012.

Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Barker, J. R., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Wine, P. H., Abbatt, J. P. D., Burkholder, J. B., Kolb, C. E., Moortgat, G. K., Huie, R. E., and Orkin, V. L.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies, JPL Publication 10-6, 2011.

Scarchilli, C., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Donfrancesco, G. D., Buontempo, C., Snels, M., Moriconi, M. L., Deshler, T., Larsen, N., Luo, B. P., Mauersberger, K., Ovarlez, J., Rosen, J., and Schreiner, J.: Determination of polar stratospheric cloud particle refractive indices by use of in situ optical measurements and T-matrix calculations, Appl. Optics, 44, 3302–3311, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.003302">https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.003302</a>, 2005.

Shi, Q., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., and Davidovits, P.: Kinetic model for reaction of ClONO2 with H2O and HCl and HOCl with HCl in sulfuric acid solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24259–24274, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000181">https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000181</a>, 2001.

Solomon, S.: Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275–316, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900008">https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900008</a>, 1999.

Sumińska-Ebersoldt, O., Lehmann, R., Wegner, T., Grooß, J.-U., Hösen, E., Weigel, R., Frey, W., Griessbach, S., Mitev, V., Emde, C., Volk, C. M., Borrmann, S., Rex, M., Stroh, F., and von Hobe, M.: ClOOCl photolysis at high solar zenith angles: analysis of the RECONCILE self-match flight, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1353–1365, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1353-2012">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1353-2012</a>, 2012.

Toon, O. B., Tolbert, M. A., Koehler, B. G., Middlebrook, A. M., and Jordan, J.: Infrared optical constants of H2O ice, amorphous nitric acid solutions, and nitric acid hydrates, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25631–25654, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JD02388">https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02388</a>, 1994.

Voigt, C., Larsen, N., Deshler, T., Kröger, C., Schreiner, J., Mauersberger, K., Luo, B., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Ovarlez, J., Ovarlez, H., Dörnbrack, A., Knudsen, B., and Rosen, J.: In situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements: Implications for nitric acid trihydrate formation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8331, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001185">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001185</a>, 2003.

Voigt, C., Schlager, H., Luo, B. P., Dörnbrack, A., Roiger, A., Stock, P., Curtius, J., Vössing, H., Borrmann, S., Davies, S., Konopka, P., Schiller, C., Shur, G., and Peter, T.: Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) formation at low NAT supersaturation in Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1371–1380, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1371-2005">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1371-2005</a>, 2005.

Vömel, H., David, D. E., and Smith, K.: Accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor measurements by the cryogenic frost point hygrometer: Instrumental details and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08305, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007224">https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007224</a>, 2007.

von Clarmann, T., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Linden, A., Chauhan, S., Funke, B., Grabowski, U., Glatthor, N., Kiefer, M., Schieferdecker, T., Stiller, G. P., and Versick, S.: Retrieval of temperature, H2O, O3, HNO3, CH4, N2O, ClONO2 and ClO from MIPAS reduced resolution nominal mode limb emission measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 159–175, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-159-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-159-2009</a>, 2009.

von Hobe, M., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Konopka, P., Gensch, I., Krämer, M., Spelten, N., Afchine, A., Schiller, C., Ulanovsky, A., Sitnikov, N., Shur, G., Yushkov, V., Ravegnani, F., Cairo, F., Roiger, A., Voigt, C., Schlager, H., Weigel, R., Frey, W., Borrmann, S., Müller, R., and Stroh, F.: Evidence for heterogeneous chlorine activation in the tropical UTLS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 241–256, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-241-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-241-2011</a>, 2011.

von Hobe, M., Bekki, S., Borrmann, S., Cairo, F., D'Amato, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Dörnbrack, A., Ebersoldt, A., Ebert, M., Emde, C., Engel, I., Ern, M., Frey, W., Genco, S., Griessbach, S., Grooß, J.-U., Gulde, T., Günther, G., Hösen, E., Hoffmann, L., Homonnai, V., Hoyle, C. R., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jackson, D. R., Jánosi, I. M., Jones, R. L., Kandler, K., Kalicinsky, C., Keil, A., Khaykin, S. M., Khosrawi, F., Kivi, R., Kuttippurath, J., Laube, J. C., Lefèvre, F., Lehmann, R., Ludmann, S., Luo, B. P., Marchand, M., Meyer, J., Mitev, V., Molleker, S., Müller, R., Oelhaf, H., Olschewski, F., Orsolini, Y., Peter, T., Pfeilsticker, K., Piesch, C., Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., Pope, F. D., Ravegnani, F., Rex, M., Riese, M., Röckmann, T., Rognerud, B., Roiger, A., Rolf, C., Santee, M. L., Scheibe, M., Schiller, C., Schlager, H., Siciliani de Cumis, M., Sitnikov, N., Søvde, O. A., Spang, R., Spelten, N., Stordal, F., Sumin'ska-Ebersoldt, O., Ulanovski, A., Ungermann, J., Viciani, S., Volk, C. M., vom Scheidt, M., von der Gathen, P., Walker, K., Wegner, T., Weigel, R., Weinbruch, S., Wetzel, G., Wienhold, F. G., Wohltmann, I., Woiwode, W., Young, I. A. K., Yushkov, V., Zobrist, B., and Stroh, F.: Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions (RECONCILE): activities and results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9233–9268, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9233-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9233-2013</a>, 2013.

Wegner, T., Grooß, J.-U., von Hobe, M., Stroh, F., Sumin'ska-Ebersoldt, O., Volk, C. M., Hösen, E., Mitev, V., Shur, G., and Müller, R.: Heterogeneous chlorine activation on stratospheric aerosols and clouds in the Arctic polar vortex, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11095–11106, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11095-2012">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11095-2012</a>, 2012.

Wohltmann, I., Wegner, T., Müller, R., Lehmann, R., Rex, M., Manney, G. L., Santee, M. L., Bernath, P., Sumin'ska-Ebersoldt, O., Stroh, F., von Hobe, M., Volk, C. M., Hösen, E., Ravegnani, F., Ulanovsky, A., and Yushkov, V.: Uncertainties in modelling heterogeneous chemistry and Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2009/2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3909–3929, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3909-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3909-2013</a>, 2013.

Woiwode, W.: Qualification of the airborne FTIR spectrometer MIPAS-STR and study on denitrification and chlorine deactivation in Arctic winter 2009/10, Dissertation, Karlsruhe Insitute for Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2013.