References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-5129-2012

Shortwave radiative forcing and efficiency of key aerosol types using AERONET data

García

O. E.

¹ ⁴ Díaz

J. P.

¹ Expósito

F. J.

¹ Díaz

A. M.

¹ Dubovik

² Derimian

² Dubuisson

² Roger

J.-C.

Grupo de Observación de la Tierra y la Atmósfera (GOTA), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

Laboratoire d'Optique Amosphérique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France

now at: Centro de Investigación Atmósferica de Izaña (CIAI), Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), Spain

12 06 2012

12 11 5129 5145

2012

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/12/5129/2012/acp-12-5129-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/12/5129/2012/acp-12-5129-2012.pdf

The shortwave radiative forcing (ΔF) and the radiative forcing efficiency (ΔFeff) of natural and anthropogenic aerosols have been analyzed using estimates of radiation both at the Top (TOA) and at the Bottom Of Atmosphere (BOA) modeled based on AERONET aerosol retrievals. Six main types of atmospheric aerosols have been compared (desert mineral dust, biomass burning, urban-industrial, continental background, oceanic and free troposphere) in similar observational conditions (i.e., for solar zenith angles between 55° and 65°) in order to compare the nearly same solar geometry. The instantaneous ΔF averages obtained vary from −122 ± 37 Wm−2 (aerosol optical depth, AOD, at 0.55 μm, 0.85 ± 0.45) at the BOA for the mixture of desert mineral dust and biomass burning aerosols in West Africa and −42 ± 22 Wm−2 (AOD = 0.9 ± 0.5) at the TOA for the pure mineral dust also in this region up to −6 ± 3 Wm−2 and −4 ± 2 Wm−2 (AOD = 0.03 ± 0.02) at the BOA and the TOA, respectively, for free troposphere conditions. This last result may be taken as reference on a global scale. Furthermore, we observe that the more absorbing aerosols are overall more efficient at the BOA in contrast to at the TOA, where they backscatter less solar energy into the space. The analysis of the radiative balance at the TOA shows that, together with the amount of aerosols and their absorptive capacity, it is essential to consider the surface albedo of the region on which they are. Thus, we document that in regions with high surface reflectivity (deserts and snow conditions) atmospheric aerosols lead to a warming of the Earth-atmosphere system.

References 1

Ackerman, A. S., Toon, O. B., Stevens, D. E., Heymsfield, A. J., Ramanathan, V., and Welton, E. J.: Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288, 1042–1047, 2000.

Arimoto, R., Kim, Y. P., Quinn, P., Bates, T., Anderson, T., Gong, S., Uno, I., Chin, M., Huebert, B., Clarke, A., Shinozuka, Y., Weber, R., Anderson, J., Guazzotti, S., Sullivan, R., Sodeman, D., Prather, K., and Sokolik, I.: Characterization of Asian Dust during ACE-Asia, Global Planet. Change, 52, 23–56, 2006.

Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987.

Conant, W., Seinfeld, J., Wang, J., Carmichael, G., Tang, Y., Uno, I., Flatau, P., Markowicz, K., and Quinn, P.: A model for the radiative forcing during ACE-Asia derived from CIRPAS Twin Otter and R/V Ronald H. Brown data and comparison with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8661, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003260">https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003260</a>, 2003.

Cox, C. and Munk, W.: The measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the Sun's glitter, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 44, 838–850, 1954.

Derimian, Y., León, J.-F., Dubovik, O., Chiapello, I., Tanré, D., Sinyuk, A., Auriol, F., Podvin, T., Brogniez, G., and Holben, B. N.: Radiative properties of aerosol mixture observed during the dry season 2006 over M'Bour, Senegal (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis campaign), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C09, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009904">https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009904</a>, 2008.

Díaz, J., Expósito, F., Torres, C., Herrera, F., Prospero, J., and Romero, M.: Radiative properties of aerosols in Saharan dust outbreaks using ground-bsed and satellite data: Applications to radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18403–18416, 2001.

Díaz, A., Díaz, J., Expósito, F., Hernández-Leal, P., Savoie, D., and Querol, X.: Air masses and aerosols chemical components in the free troposphere at the subtropical Northeast Atlantic region, J. Atmos. Chem., 53, 63–90, 2006.

Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20673–20696, 2000.

Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Eck, T. F., and Slutsker, I.: Accuracy assessment of aerosol optical properties retrieval from AERONET sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9791–9806, 2000.

Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Smirnov, A., Kaufman, Y. J., King, M. D., Tanré, D., and Sluster, I.: Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worlwide locations, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 590–608, 2002a.

Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., Lapyonok, T., Sinyuk, A., Mishenko, M. I., and Slustker, I.: Non-spherical aerosol retrieval method employing light scattering by spheroids, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1415, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014506">https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014506</a>, 2002b.

Dubovik, O., Sinyuk, A., Lapyonok, T., Holben, B. N., Mishchenko, M., Yang, P., Eck, T. F., Volten, H., Munoz, O., Veihelmann, B., van der Zande, W. J., Leon, J.-F., Sorokin, M., and Slutsker, I.: Application of light scattering by spheroids for accounting for particle non-sphericity in remote sensing of desert dust, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11208, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006619">https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006619</a>, 2006.

Dubovik, O., Herman, M., Holdak, A., Lapyonok, T., Tanré, D., Deuzé, J. L., Ducos, F., Sinyuk, A., and Lopatin, A.: Statistically optimized inversion algorithm for enhanced retrieval of aerosol properties from spectral multi-angle polarimetric satellite observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 975–1018, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-975-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-975-2011</a>, 2011.

Dubuisson, P., Buriez, J. C., and Fouquart, Y.: High spectral resolution solar radiative transfer in absorbing and scattering media, appliation to the sattelite simulations, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 55, 103–126, 1996.

Dubuisson, P., Dessailly, D., Vesperini, M., and Frouin, R.: Water vapor retrieval over ocean using near-infrared imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19106, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004516">https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004516</a>, 2004.

Dubuisson, P., Roger, J.-C., Mallet, M., and Dubovik, O.: A code to compute the direct solar radiative forcing: application to anthropogenic aerosols during the ESCOMPTE experiment, in: Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, edited by: Fischer, H., A. Deepak Publishing, Busan, Korea, 2006.

Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., O'Neill, N. T., Slutsker, I., and Kinne, S.: Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31333–31349, 1999.

Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Ward, D. E., Dubovik, O., Reid, J. S., Smirnov, A., Mukelabai, M. M., Hsu, N. C., O'Neill, N. T., and Slutsker, I.: Characterization of the optical properties of biomass burning aerosols in Zambia during the 1997 ZIBBEE Field Campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3425–3448, 2001.

García, O. E., Díaz, A. M., Expósito, F. J., Díaz, J. P., Dubovik, O., Dubuisson, P., Roger, J.-C., Eck, T. F., Sinyuk, A., Derimian, Y., Dutton, E. G., Schafer, J. S., Holben, B., and García, C. A.: Validation of AERONET estimates of atmospheric solar fluxes and aerosol radiative forcing by ground-based broadband measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D21207, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010211">https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010211</a>, 2008.

García, O., Díaz, A., Expósito, F., Díaz, J., Redondas, A., and Sasaki, T.: Aerosol radiative forcing and forcing efficiency in the UVB for regions affected by Saharan and Asian mineral dust, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1033–1040, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2816.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2816.1</a>, 2009.

García, O. E., Expósito, F. J., Díaz, J. P., and Díaz, A. M.: Radiative forcing under aerosol mixed conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D01201, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013625">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013625</a>, 2011a.

García, O. E., Expósito, F. J., Díaz, J. P., Díaz, A. M., Dubovik, O., and Derimian, Y.: Climate Models, chap. Aerosol Radiative Forcing: AERONET-based estimates, InTech Open Access Publisher, ISBN 979-953-307-338-4, 2011b.

Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., and von Schuckmann, K.: Earth's energy imbalance and implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13421–13449, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011</a>, 2011.

Haywood, J., Francis, P., Osborne, S., Glew, M., Loeb, N., Highwood, E., Tanré, D., Myhre, G., Formenti, P., and Hirst, E.: Radiative properties and direct radiative effect of Saharan dust measured by the C-130 aircraft during SHADE: 1. Solar spectrum, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8577, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002687">https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002687</a>, 2003.

Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, 1998.

Holben, B., Tanré, D., Smirnov, A., Eck, T., Slutsker, I., Abuhassan, N., Newcomb, W. W., Schafer, J., Chatenet, B., Lavenue, F., Kaufman, Y., Castle, J. V., Setzer, A., Markham, B., Clark, D., Frouin, R., Halthore, R., Karnieli, A., O'Neill, N., Pietras, C., Pinker, R., Voss, K., and Zibordi, G.: An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol Optical Depth from AERONET, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12067–12097, 2001.

IPCC: The Physical Science Basis, Fourth Assessment Report Summary, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007.

Kaufman, Y., Koren, I., Remer, L., Tanré, D., Ginoux, P., and Fan, S.: Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S12, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004436">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004436</a>, 2005.

Koren, I., Kaufman, Y., Remer, L., and Martins, J.: Measurement of the Effect of Amazon Smoke on Inhibition of Cloud Formation, Science, 303, 1342–1345, 2004.

Li, X. and Strahler, A. H.: Geometrical-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of the discrete crown vegetation canopy: Effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 276–292, 1992.

Lacis, A. A. and Oinas, V.: A description of the correlated k distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9027–9063, 1991.

Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715–737, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-715-2005">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-715-2005</a>, 2005.

McArthur, L., Halliwell, D., Niebergall, O., O'Neill, N., Slusser, J., and Wehrli, C.: Field comparison of network Sun photometers, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4596, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002964">https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002964</a>, 2003.

Mishchenko, M. I., Travis, L. D., Kahn, R. A., and West, R. A.: Modeling phase functions for dustlike tropospheric aerosols using a shape mixture of randomly oriented polydisperse spheroids, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16831–16847, 1997.

Moody, E. G., King, M. D., Platnick, S., Schaaf, C. B., Gao, F.: Spatially complete global spectral surface albedos: Value-added datasets derived from Terra MODIS land products, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 43, 144–158, 2005.

Moody, E. G., King, M. D., Schaaf, C. B., and Platnick, S.: MODIS-derived spatially complete surface albedo products: Spatial and temporal pixel distribution and zonal averages, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 2879–2894, 2008.

Myhre, G., Berntsen, T. K., Haywood, J. M., Sundet, J. K., Holben, B. N., Johnsrud, M., and Stordal, F.: Modeling the solar radiative impact of aerosols from biomass burning during the Southern African Reginal Science Iniative (SAFARI-2000) experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8501, https://doi.org/10.129/2002JD002313, 2003.

Prospero, J. M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S. E., and Grill, T. E.: Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys., 40, 1002, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000095">https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000095</a>, 2002.

Rodríguez, S., Alastuey, A., Alonso-Pérez, S., Querol, X., Cuevas, E., Abreu-Afonso, J., Viana, M., Pérez, N., Pandolfi, M., and de la Rosa, J.: Transport of desert dust mixed with North African industrial pollutants in the subtropical Saharan Air Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6663–6685, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6663-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6663-2011</a>, 2011.

Ross, J. K.: The radiation Regime and Architecture of Plant Stands, The Hague-Boston-London: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1981.

Roger, J.-C., Mallet, M., Dubuisson, P., Cachier, H., Vermote, E., Dubovik, O., and Despiau, S.: A synergetic approach for estimating the local direct aerosol forcing: Applications to an urban zone during the ESCOMPTE experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D13208, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006361">https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006361</a>, 2006.

Russak, V., Kallisa, A., Jeveerb, A., Ohviril, H., and Teralc, H.: Changes in the spectral aerosol optical thickness in Estonia (1951–2004), Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol., 56, 69–76, 2007.

Satheesh, S. and Moorthy, K.: Radiative effects of natural aerosols: A review, Atmos. Environ., 39, 2089–2110, 2005.

Schafer, J., Eck, T., Holben, B., Artaxo, P., Yamasoe, M., and Procopio, A.: Observed Reductions of Total Solar Irradiance by Biomass-Burning Aerosols in the Brazilian Amazon and Zambian Savanna, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1823–1826, 2002.

Smirnov, A., Holben, B., Eck, T., Dubovik, O., and Slutsker, I.: Cloud screening and quality control algorithms for the AERONET data base, Remote Sens. Environ., 73, 337–349, 2000.

Smirnov, A., Holben, B., Kaufman, Y., Dubovik, O., Eck, T., Slutsker, I., Pietras, C., and Halthore, R.: Optical properties of atmospheric aerosol in maritime environments, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 501–523, 2002.

Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., Lyapustin, A., Slutsker, I., and Eck, T. F.: AERONET processing algorithms refinement, in: AERONET Workshop, El Arenosillo, Spain, 2004.

Sinyuk, A., Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N, Eck, T. F., Breon, F. -M., Martonchik, J., Kahn, R., Diner, D. J., Vermote, E. F., Roger, J. -C., Lapyonok, T., and Slutsker, I.: Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and surface properties from a combination of AERONET and satellite data, Rem. Sens. Environ., 107, 90–108, 2007.

Twomey, S.: Atmospheric aerosols, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., New York, USA, USA, 1977.

Wanner, W., Li, X., and Strahler, A. H.: On the derivation of kernels for kernel-driven models of bidirectional reflectance, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 21077–21089, 1995.

Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Kaufman, J. B., Babbitt, R. E., Cummings, D. L., Dias, B., Holben, B. N., Kaufman, Y. J., Rasmussen, R. A., and Setzer, A. W.: Smoke and fire characteristics for cerrado and deforestation burns in Brazil: Base-B experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14601–14619, 1992.

Ward, D. E., Hao, W. M., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Shea, R. W., Kaufman, J. B., and Justice, C. O.: Effect of fuel composition on combustion efficiency and emission factors for African savanna ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23569–23576, 1996.