References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

1680-7324

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-10-4477-2010

Direct radiative effect of aerosols emitted by transport: from road, shipping and aviation

Balkanski

¹ Myhre

² ³ Gauss

² ⁵ Rädel

⁴ Highwood

E. J.

⁴ Shine

K. P.

⁴

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Cedex, France

Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Center for International Climate and Environmental Research-Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway

Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK

now at: Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

17 05 2010

10 10 4477 4489

2010

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/10/4477/2010/acp-10-4477-2010.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/10/4477/2010/acp-10-4477-2010.pdf

Aerosols and their precursors are emitted abundantly by transport activities. Transportation constitutes one of the fastest growing activities and its growth is predicted to increase significantly in the future. Previous studies have estimated the aerosol direct radiative forcing from one transport sub-sector, but only one study to our knowledge estimated the range of radiative forcing from the main aerosol components (sulphate, black carbon (BC) and organic carbon) for the whole transportation sector. In this study, we compare results from two different chemical transport models and three radiation codes under different hypothesis of mixing: internal and external mixing using emission inventories for the year 2000. The main results from this study consist of a positive direct radiative forcing for aerosols emitted by road traffic of +20±11 mW m−2 for an externally mixed aerosol, and of +32±13 mW m−2 when BC is internally mixed. These direct radiative forcings are much higher than the previously published estimate of +3±11 mW m−2. For transport activities from shipping, the net direct aerosol radiative forcing is negative. This forcing is dominated by the contribution of the sulphate. For both an external and an internal mixture, the radiative forcing from shipping is estimated at −26±4 mW m−2. These estimates are in very good agreement with the range of a previously published one (from −46 to −13 mW m−2) but with a much narrower range. By contrast, the direct aerosol forcing from aviation is estimated to be small, and in the range −0.9 to +0.3 mW m−2.

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